Introduction

Creatinine is a metabolic waste product naturally produced in the body and is commonly used as an indicator of muscle function. Understanding creatinine and the factors that may lead to low levels is important for maintaining overall health¹. 

What Is Creatinine?

The body uses creatine as a source of energy, particularly within skeletal muscles². Creatinine is the waste product formed when creatine is broken down during this process^1,3. 

Our skeletal muscles create creatinine after metabolising creatine phosphate. The primary function of creatinine is to be filtered out from the blood by the kidneys, after which it is excreted from the body in the urine. This process helps to maintain a consistent level of creatinine in the blood⁴.   

Normal creatinine levels

Several factors influence the level of creatinine in the blood. These include, age, gender, muscle mass, and ethnic background⁴. The common range for adult men is 0.74 to 1.3 mg/dL and for adult women, 0.4 to 1.0 mg/dL⁵. These values may change from person to person, depending on the laboratory conducting the test and the individual’s body composition.  

Causes of Low Creatinine Levels

A variety of factors may contribute to low creatinine levels. These can include reduced muscle mass, liver conditions, dietary factors, certain medical conditions, and pregnancy. 

1. Low Muscle Mass

Reduced skeletal muscle mass may lead to lower creatinine levels, as creatinine is a by-product of the breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue. 

• Aging: As we age, muscle mass naturally declines. This age-related muscle loss may result in lower creatinine levels in older adults².  
• Muscle Diseases: Low muscle mass may result from muscle disorders such as muscular dystrophy or myasthenia gravis. These conditions can lead to reduced creatinine levels in the body².  
• Malnutrition: Inadequate intake of food or protein may lead to muscle loss, which in turn can lower creatinine levels². 

2. Liver Problems

Liver conditions, such as liver disease or liver failure, may affect the production of creatine. This can subsequently lead to reduced creatinine levels⁶.  

3. Diet

Diet can also influence creatinine levels. A diet low in protein, as well as vegetarian or vegan diets, may be associated with lower creatinine levels. 

• Vegetarian and vegan diets: Individuals following a plant-based diet may have lower creatinine owing to a reduced intake of creatine from dietary sources⁷.  
• Low-protein diets: Consuming insufficient protein may reduce creatine production, which can result in lower creatinine levels. 

4. Pregnancy

Pregnant women may experience lower creatinine levels during pregnancy. This occurs due to an increased blood flow to the kidneys and typically returns to normal after childbirth⁸. 

5. Medical Conditions

Certain medical conditions may also cause low creatinine levels. These include muscular dystrophy, hyperthyroidism, and anaemia². 

Several factors may contribute to lower creatinine levels, which can cause your estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to appear higher than it truly is. These factors include following a vegetarian or vegan diet, having low muscle mass, pregnancy, a history of muscular atrophy or amputation, and severe liver cirrhosis. It is essential to consult your healthcare provider if you have any questions about interpreting your eGFR or serum creatinine results¹. 

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Symptoms and Signs of Low Creatinine Levels

The symptoms and signs vary depending on the underlying cause of the low creatinine level. 

Identifying Symptoms

Symptoms of low creatinine levels can be difficult to identify and may include⁹: 

• Feeling tired  
• Losing muscle strength (muscle weakness)  
• Feeling dizzy   
• Sudden weight loss  
• Abnormal liver function test results or yellowish discoloration of the skin and white part of the eye. 

Assessing Overall Health

It is essential to undergo a comprehensive medical evaluation. Discuss any symptoms you are experiencing with your healthcare provider, who will review your full medical history and arrange any necessary laboratory tests. 

Studies³ suggest that since the liver produces creatine, decreased liver function may result in a decrease in the body’s production of creatinine. Overall liver functioning can be affected by liver disease and liver failure caused by various medical conditions.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Diagnosis of Low Creatinine Levels

Low creatinine levels can be detected through blood and urine tests, a physical examination, and a thorough review of your medical history. These assessments will be conducted by your healthcare provider. 

1. Medical History and Physical Examination

Your healthcare provider will also review your medical history, including any chronic conditions, medication use, and family history of kidney disease. Alongside a physical examination, this helps to determine the possible causes of low creatinine levels. 

2. Blood and Urine Tests  

Your healthcare provider may recommend blood and urine tests to assess how well your kidneys are functioning. 

• Creatinine Level: Creatinine levels can be measured in both blood and urine samples. A standard blood test is used to determine serum creatinine levels. To measure creatinine in urine, a 24-hour urine collection is typically required².   
• Creatinine Clearance Test: This test compares the amount of creatinine in the blood with the amount of creatinine in the urine collected in a set time slot (like 24 hours)⁴. The result estimates how well the kidneys are working.  
• Albumin/Creatinine Ratio: This test measures the levels of albumin, a type of protein, and creatinine in the urine. An elevated amount of albumin in the urine may indicate the presence of kidney disease¹⁰.  
• Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): Using your blood test results for creatinine, your healthcare provider can calculate your estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). This measurement indicates how well your kidneys are functioning⁴.   

Management Options for Low Creatinine Levels

Your healthcare provider will recommend appropriate treatment options if a cause for your low creatinine levels is identified. Managing this condition may involve addressing underlying health issues, modifying medications, and making lifestyle adjustments. 

1. Addressing Underlying Causes

 The management of low creatinine levels depends on the underlying cause.  

• Managing medical conditions: In cases where an underlying condition—such as liver disease or muscle disorder—is causing low creatinine levels, your healthcare provider may prescribe specific medications to manage these illnesses^2,6. 
• Adjusting medications: If a medication you are taking is causing low creatinine levels, your healthcare provider may consider adjusting the dosage or prescribing an alternative treatment¹¹. 

2. Lifestyle Changes

Modifying your daily habits may help to improve your creatinine levels. 

• Dietary modifications: If your diet is deficient in protein or contains excessive creatine from animal sources, leading to abnormal creatinine levels, dietary adjustments may be necessary. Such changes should include a balanced variety of protein sources and an appropriate caloric intake. 
• Exercise and physical therapy: Engaging in regular physical exercise may help increase muscle mass, which can in turn raise creatinine levels. Your healthcare provider or a physical therapist can advise you on the most suitable types of exercise for your individual needs¹². 
• Nutritional supplementation^:: If inadequate nutrition or a deficiency in specific nutrients is contributing to low creatinine levels, your healthcare provider may recommend the use of dietary supplements. However, it is strongly advised not to begin taking any supplements without professional medical guidance¹³. 

Cigarette smoking has several negative effects on the body, including a significantly increased risk of chronic kidney disease. Research suggests that quitting smoking may help reduce the risk of kidney-related issues, which could otherwise contribute to fluctuations in creatinine levels¹⁶. 

Dr. Smita Barode, B.A.M.S, M.S.

Measures to Avoid Low Creatinine Levels

To help prevent low creatinine levels, you may consider adopting the following measures: 

1. Monitoring creatinine levels regularly

Ensuring a balanced diet, one that includes a variety of protein sources and an appropriate intake of calories may help support healthy creatinine levels². 

2. Eating a balanced diet

Making sure that you eat a balanced diet, including using different sources of proteins and taking in the right amount of calories, may help keep normal creatinine levels¹⁴.  

3. Ensuring proper hydration

Maintaining proper hydration supports kidney function, which in turn may help to keep creatinine levels within the normal range¹⁵.  

4. Staying active and maintaining muscle mass

Engaging in regular physical activity and exercises that support the maintenance or development of muscle mass may help in sustaining normal creatinine levels¹².  

Complications of Low Creatinine Levels

Low creatinine levels can arise from various underlying causes and may pose certain health risks. The implications largely depend on the specific reason behind the decrease. Early identification of the cause significantly improves the chances of effectively managing the condition and maintaining healthy creatinine levels. 

Conclusion

Low creatinine levels result from various factors, including reduced muscle mass, liver conditions, dietary habits, and pregnancy. Symptoms can differ depending on the underlying cause. Diagnosis typically involves blood and urine tests, along with a thorough review of the individual’s overall health. By identifying the root cause, healthcare professionals can develop personalised management plans tailored to the patient’s specific needs. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. National Kidney Foundation. Creatinine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 17]. Available from: https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/creatinine 
2. Shahbaz H, Rout P, Gupta M. Creatinine Clearance [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan– [updated 2024 Jul 27; cited 2023 Oct 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544228/ 
3. Casciola R, Leoni L, Cuffari B, Pecchini M, Menozzi R, Colecchia A, Ravaioli F. Creatine Supplementation to Improve Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease: Facts and Perspectives. Nutrients. 2023 Feb 8;15(4):863. doi: 10.3390/nu15040863. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9958770/  
4. Gounden V, Bhatt H, Jialal I. Renal Function Tests [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan– [updated 2024 Jul 27; cited 2023 Oct 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507821/ 
5. Verma M, Khadapkar R, Sahu PS, Das BR. Comparing age-wise reference intervals for serum creatinine concentration in a “Reality check” of the recommended cut-off. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2006 Sep;21(2):90-4. doi: 10.1007/BF02912919. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3453992/  
6. Slack A, Yeoman A, Wendon J. Renal dysfunction in chronic liver disease. Crit Care. 2010;14(2):214. doi: 10.1186/cc8855. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2887107/  
7. Bartholomae E, Knurick J, Johnston CS. Serum creatinine as an indicator of lean body mass in vegetarians and omnivores. Front Nutr. 2022 Sep 16;9:996541. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.996541. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9525150/  
8. Lopes van Balen VA, van Gansewinkel TAG, de Haas S, Spaan JJ, Ghossein-Doha C, van Kuijk SMJ, et al. Maternal kidney function during pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Sep;54(3):297-307. doi: 10.1002/uog.20137. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6772153/  
9. Paige NM, Nagami GT. The top 10 things nephrologists wish every primary care physician knew. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009 Feb;84(2):180-6. doi: 10.4065/84.2.180. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2664589/  
10. Schneider MF, Muñoz A, Ku E, Warady BA, Furth SL, Schwartz GJ. Estimation of Albumin-Creatinine Ratio From Protein-Creatinine Ratio in Urine of Children and Adolescents With CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021 May;77(5):824-827. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.07.015. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8958976/  
11. Ostermann M, Kashani K, Forni LG. The two sides of creatinine: both as bad as each other? J Thorac Dis. 2016 Jul;8(7):E628-30. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2016.05.36. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4958791/  
12. Baxmann AC, Ahmed MS, Marques NC, Menon VB, Pereira AB, Kirsztajn GM, Heilberg IP. Influence of muscle mass and physical activity on serum and urinary creatinine and serum cystatin C. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Mar;3(2):348-54. doi: 10.2215/CJN.02870707. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2390952/  
13. Kaviani M, Shaw K, Chilibeck PD. Benefits of Creatine Supplementation for Vegetarians Compared to Omnivorous Athletes: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Apr 27;17(9):3041. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093041. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7246861/  
14. Kim SM, Jung JY. Nutritional management in patients with chronic kidney disease. Korean J Intern Med. 2020 Nov;35(6):1279-1290. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2020.408. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7652660/  
15. Wu LW, Chen WL, Liaw FY, Sun YS, Yang HF, Wang CC, Lin CM, Tsao YT. Association between fluid intake and kidney function, and survival outcomes analysis: a nationwide population-based study. BMJ Open. 2016 May 12;6(5):e010708. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010708. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4874113/  
16. Yacoub R, Habib H, Lahdo A, Al Ali R, Varjabedian L, Atalla G, Kassis Akl N, Aldakheel S, Alahdab S, Albitar S. Association between smoking and chronic kidney disease: a case control study. BMC Public Health. 2010 Nov 25;10:731. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-731. PMID:21108832; PMCID:PMC3004836. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3004836/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof. 

6

परिचय

क्रिएटिनिन टेस्ट का उपयोग हमारे खून में क्रिएटिनिन के स्तर के आकलन के लिए किया जाता है। यह बताता है कि किडनी ठीक से काम कर रही है या नहीं।

• सैंपल टाइप: खून 
• उपवास \ खाली पेट रहना जरूरी: नहीं
• उपनाम: खून क्रिएटिनिन, सीरम क्रिएटिनिन, क्रिएटिनिन टेस्ट
• नमूना प्रकार: क्रिएटिनिन के खून स्तर का परीक्षण करने के लिए एक साधारण शिरापरक खून नमूना पर्याप्त है। सीरम में क्रिएटिनिन के स्तर का पता लगाया जाता है, जो खून का एक घटक है।

आपको यह परीक्षण कितनी बार करना चाहिए?

आप अपने नियमित स्वास्थ्य जांच के एक हिस्से के रूप में क्रिएटिनिन परीक्षण ले सकते हैं। यदि आपको मधुमेह, उच्च खूनचाप, या / और गुर्दे की क्षति का कोई लक्षण है, तो आपका डॉक्टर आपको यह परीक्षण लिख देगा। इसकी जांच नियमित अंतराल पर की जा सकती है, जिससे किडनी की सेहत पर नजर रखी जा सके। क्रिएटिनिन परीक्षण के परिणाम भी उपचार योजना की प्रभावकारिता को समझने में डॉक्टर की मदद करेंगे।

क्रिएटिनिन टेस्ट के अन्य नाम

• ब्लड क्रिएटिनिन
• सीरम क्रिएटिनिन
• क्रिएटिनिन टेस्ट
• बेसिक मेटाबोलिक पैनल (BMP) के हिस्से के रूप में क्रिएटिनिन परीक्षण
• व्यापक चयापचय पैनल (सीएमपी) के हिस्से के रूप में क्रिएटिनिन परीक्षण

टेस्ट इंक्लूजन: क्या पैरामीटर शामिल हैं?

क्रिएटिनिन परीक्षण निम्नलिखित मापदंडों पर विचार करता हैः

• खून में क्रिएटिनिन का मूल्यखून के डेसीलीटर प्रति मिलीग्राम (मिलीग्राम / dL) के रूप में व्यक्त किया जाता है।
• क्रिएटिनिन परीक्षण का परिणाम सामान्य, उच्च या निम्न के रूप में व्यक्त किया जाता है। उच्च स्तर कुछ अंतर्निहित स्वास्थ्य स्थितियों के कारण गुर्दे के अनुचित कार्य को इंगित करता है। एक निम्न स्तर कुपोषण या मांसपेशियों के नुकसान को इंगित करता है।

क्रिएटिनिन टेस्ट क्या पता लगाता है / मापता है, और यह किसके लिए निर्धारित है?

क्रिएटिनिन परीक्षण खून में क्रिएटिनिन की मात्रा को मापता है।

क्रिएटिनिन के असामान्य स्तर से संकेत मिलता है कि गुर्दे के साथ कुछ समस्या है। शरीर में गुर्दे की क्षति के लक्षण दिखाई देंगे जैसेः

• मूत्र के रंग, मात्रा  एवं फ्रीक्वेंसी में बदलाव 
• मतली
• छाती में दर्द
• उल्टी करना
• मांसपेशियों में ऐंठन
• चेहरे, कलाई, पैरों में  सूजन
• थकान
• भूख न लगना
• खुजली
• पीठ के निचले हिस्से में दर्द

परामर्श चिकित्सक क्रिएटिनिन परीक्षण निर्धारित करेगा यदि व्यक्ति गुर्दे की क्षति के अन्य लक्षणों के साथ इस तरह के लक्षण दिखाता है या सर्जरी से पहले फिटनेस के स्तर की जांच करता है 

कुछ बीमारी की स्थिति जिसके लिए एक क्रिएटिनिन परीक्षण निर्धारित किया जाता हैः

• कुपोषण
• डिहाइड्रेशन
• डायबिटीज
• हाई ब्लड प्रेशर
• क्रोनिक किडनी की बीमारी
• किडनी की पथरी
• प्रोस्टेट की बीमारी
• ग्लोमेरुलोनेफ्राइटिस
• किडनी में बैक्टीरियल इंफेक्शन
• कंजर्वेटिव हार्ट फेल्योर
• प्रेग्नेंसी
• गुर्दे की बीमारी का पारिवारिक इतिहास
• ईसीटी जैसी प्रक्रिया
• सर्जरी के लिए फिटनेस चेक करें

उपरोक्त स्थितियों में, क्रिएटिनिन स्तर को अन्य मापदंडों के साथ मापा जाता है। एक बार जब डॉक्टर किसी निदान पर पहुंचते हैं, तो वे उपचार शुरू कर देते हैं। गुर्दे के स्वास्थ्य और उपचार के प्रभाव का आकलन करने के लिए डॉक्टर नियमित अंतराल पर क्रिएटिनिन परीक्षण लिख सकते हैं।

क्रिएटिनिन परीक्षण भी स्वस्थ वयस्कों में एक नियमित शारीरिक परीक्षण के रूप में निर्धारित किया जाता है। यह बुनियादी चयापचय पैनल में जांच की जाती है। यह टेस्ट किडनी डैमेज होने का पता लगाने में भी जल्दी मदद करता है। इसलिए किडनी की बीमारी की जांच के लिए भी यह निर्धारित किया जाता है।

क्रिएटिनिन टेस्ट सभी पुरुषों और महिलाओं के लिए उपयुक्त है। कुछ दवाएं क्रिएटिनिन परीक्षण परिणामों के परिणामों में हस्तक्षेप कर सकती हैं। अगर आप कोई भी दवा ले रहे हैं तो उसके बारे में अपने डॉक्टर से पूछें।

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (FAQs)

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

31

2

Introduction

Discussing the pleasures and health benefits of certain solo endeavours may raise many eyebrows, such as in the case of masturbation and its association with prostate cancer. It is a malignant tumour of the prostate gland and is one of the main causes of death due to cancer in men worldwide. It is the third most common cancer in Indian men and has been linked to risk factors like vasectomy procedures, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and poor BMI¹. Men will be glad to know that studies suggest that frequent ejaculation through intercourse or masturbation has health benefits, and lowering the risk of prostate cancer is one of them². Contrary to popular belief, masturbation, if done in moderation, does not increase the risk of prostate cancer.

The Link between Masturbation and Prostate Cancer

Masturbation is a common sexual act that has been misunderstood and seen as taboo by society. It involves self-stimulation of the genitalia to achieve sexual release, orgasm, or ejaculation and feel sexual pleasure. People of all genders and sexual orientations can engage in this private activity. It can be both self or partner-assisted.

The ejaculate in men is essentially semen, which contains a large portion of the seminal fluid, a sperm-nourishing liquid. The prostate gland, which is found in men just below the urinary bladder, is responsible for producing this seminal fluid. Hence, the close link between masturbation and prostate cancer cannot be ignored².

Regular masturbation can be beneficial for the prostate’s health, which can thereby reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Here are a few benefits of masturbation:

• It supports healthy blood flow to the gland
• Increases the flushing of accumulated toxins and waste
• Aids in maintaining the prostate gland’s proper functioning

One of the most extensive studies was published in European Urology in 2016, in which over 31,000 males were followed for over 20 years. The researchers concluded that frequent ejaculators (irrespective of masturbation or intercourse) had lower prostate cancer rates than other males⁴.

The precise reason for the positive relationship between masturbation and prostate cancer is not entirely understood since the cancer of the prostate gland is multifactorial. Studies show prolonged contact between the cells of the prostate gland and their secretions, such as seminal fluid, which contains sufficient levels of zinc, phosphates, citric acid, and the male hormone di-hydrotestosterone (DHT), may accelerate the growth of cancer⁵. Hence, it may be derived that masturbation reduces the contact between the cells and fluids of the prostate gland. However, this fact has yet to be proven.

Other Factors That Affect Prostate Cancer Risk

There are several factors as mentioned below that affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. While some of these factors are beyond our control, knowing them can still help men make wise choices regarding their health⁶. 

• Age: The most significant risk factor for prostate cancer is age. The majority of cases are found in men over 65, and the risk increases with age. Younger men rarely develop prostate cancer⁶. 
• Genetics and Family History: A family history of prostate cancer can increase the risk of the disease. If a close relative, such as a father or brother, has had prostate cancer, the risk increases. Specific gene mutations, such as those in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, can also raise the risk⁶. 
• Race & Ethnicity: Prostate cancer is more prevalent in some racial and ethnic groups. African-American males have a higher risk of developing more aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Men of Asian and Hispanic descent had a lower mortality rate compared to Caucasian and African-American men⁶. 
• Geographical Location: Different regions show different incidences of prostate cancer. In contrast to Asia, Africa, and South America, it is more widespread in North America, Europe, Australia, and the Caribbean. Different regions may experience these variations due to differing environmental and lifestyle conditions⁶.
• Diet and lifestyle: Your lifestyle choices can affect your likelihood of getting prostate cancer. A diet high in processed foods, dairy, and red meat and low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk. Smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, and obesity are also linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer⁶. 
• Occupational Exposures: Some studies⁶ suggest that exposure to chemicals like cadmium or colouring agents such as Agent Orange may increase the risk of prostate cancer. 
• Hormonal Factors: Hormonal imbalances or exposure to particular hormones may increase the risk of prostate cancer. High levels of testosterone, and low levels of vitamin D, have both been associated with an elevated risk⁶. 

Also Read: Penile Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

The Benefits of Masturbation for Prostate Health

While the research on the specific benefits of masturbation for prostate health is still developing, several studies have been conducted to provide an overview of the psychological and physiological health advantages of masturbation and other sexual behaviours that cause ejaculation in men^5,7. 

The following are a few potential advantages of masturbation for prostate health:

1. Reduces the Risk of Prostate Cancer

Masturbation and prostate cancer have an intricate relationship. As explained, prostate cancer risk can be decreased by ejaculations through sexual acts like masturbation^5,7.

2. Stimulation of The Prostate Gland

Masturbation involves external genital stimulation, which indirectly affects the prostate gland. This stimulation may keep the gland active, induce the healthy formation of seminal fluid, and drain the fluid periodically. All of these processes are natural and necessary to maintain the health of a secretory gland^5,7. 

3. Better Blood Flow to the Lower Abdomen and Groin

Sexual activity, including masturbation, improves blood flow to the genital area. An increase in blood flow can help the prostate gland function optimally by supplying it with oxygen and other vital nutrients^5,7. 

4. Stress Relief and Happiness

Masturbation is a private, intimate, fulfilling, and pleasurable sexual activity that can help people unwind and reduce stress. Prostate difficulties and other health problems have been related to chronic stress. Masturbation may indirectly improve prostate health by lowering stress levels^5,7. 

5. Masturbation Encourages Sexual Well-Being

Masturbation gives people a chance to know their bodies, sexual preferences, and reactions. Understanding sexual desires and pleasure can help with sexual self-awareness. Accepting your own sexuality and engaging in sexual behaviours that are pleasurable and satisfying, can both be beneficial for your sexual well-being^5,7.

6. Ejaculation Affects Sperm Quality

Studies suggest that infrequent ejaculation can improve sperm count and volume, while frequent ejaculation can often enhance sperm quality, morphology, and DNA fragmentation (breakages and patterns in the genetic material of the sperm)⁸. 

7. Ejaculation Results in Better Sleep

Following an orgasm, your body releases oxytocin, a stress-reducing hormone, and blocks cortisol, a stress-inducing hormone. Research⁹ says that orgasms shorten the time it takes to fall asleep and enhance the quality of sleep. 

Also Read: How Exercise Can Help You Deal with Breast Cancer

Conclusion

The inverse relationship between masturbation and prostate cancer clearly requires more scientific studies. In a country like India, it is still difficult for physicians to record a detailed history of self-stimulation or masturbation. There is a long way to go before doctors start prescribing ‘masturbation’ for better sexual health. The majority of factors that increase the chances of prostrate cancer, such as age and family history of the illness, are unchangeable. Hence, if there exists a natural and pleasurable way of reducing the risks of prostate cancer, then why not try it?

Also Read: Is Daily Sex Good for Health?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. Hariharan K, Padmanabha V. Demography and disease characteristics of prostate cancer in India. Indian J Urol. 2016 Apr-Jun;32(2):103-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4831497/
2. Aboul-Enein BH, Bernstein J, Ross MW. Evidence for masturbation and prostate cancer risk: do we have a verdict? Sexual medicine reviews. 2016 Jul;4(3):229-34. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27871956/ 
3. Leitzmann MF, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Ejaculation frequency and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Jama. 2004 Apr 7;291(13):1578-86. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/198487
4. Rider JR, Wilson KM, Sinnott JA, Kelly RS, Mucci LA, Giovannucci EL. Ejaculation frequency and risk of prostate cancer: updated results with an additional decade of follow-up. European urology. 2016 Dec 1;70(6):974-82. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0302283816003778
5. Levin RJ. Sexual activity, health and well-being–the beneficial roles of coitus and masturbation. Sexual and relationship therapy. 2007 Feb 1;22(1):135-48. Available from:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14681990601149197
6. Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D, Euling S, Ho SM, Landolph J, Morrison H, Sonawane B, Shifflett T, Waters DJ, Timms B. Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 2004 Nov 15;101(S10):2371-490. Available from: https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cncr.20408
7. Brody S. The relative health benefits of different sexual activities. The journal of sexual medicine. 2010 Apr;7(4_Part_1):1336-61. Available from:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01677.x
8. Hanson BM, Aston KI, Jenkins TG, Carrell DT, Hotaling JM. The impact of ejaculatory abstinence on semen analysis parameters: a systematic review. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics. 2018 Feb;35:213-20. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10815-017-1086-0
9. Lastella M, O’Mullan C, Paterson JL, Reynolds AC. Sex and sleep: Perceptions of sex as a sleep promoting behavior in the general adult population. Frontiers in Public Health. 2019 Mar 4;7:33. Available from:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00033/full
10. Peng H, Chen Q, Tan Y. Frequent ejaculation associated free radical and lactic acid accumulation cause non-infectious inflammation and muscle dysfunction: a potential mechanism for symptoms in Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Sep;73(3):372-3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19435656

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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Introduction

Millions of people all over the world suffer from fatty liver disease. It occurs when excess fat accumulates in the liver, leading to inflammation and potential liver damage. Although it can be caused by a variety of factors, including alcohol consumption and certain medications, the most common form of fatty liver disease is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is associated with lifestyle factors such as a poor diet and lack of exercise.

Fortunately, there are dietary interventions that can help to reverse the damage done to the liver. By making certain changes to your diet, you can reduce the amount of fat in your liver and improve liver function.

Let us dive into the world of fatty liver diets, exploring the best foods to eat and avoid, as well as some easy-to-follow tips for creating a liver-friendly meal plan^1,2.

What is Fatty Liver?

Fatty liver disease is a prevalent health condition that results from an excess buildup of fat in the liver. While some individuals may not experience any noticeable symptoms, the accumulation of fat can lead to severe liver damage in others. However, the good news is that fatty liver disease is often preventable and reversible through simple lifestyle modifications¹.

Grades of Fatty Liver?

Fatty liver disease is categorized into four grades based on the amount of fat buildup in the liver.

• Grade 0: It means no fat is present in the liver, and it appears normal. In other words, it is free from fatty liver disease
• Grade 1: This indicates mild fat accumulation in the liver with a slightly brighter appearance on imaging.
• Grade 2: It represents moderate fat accumulation in the liver with more pronounced changes on imaging.
• Grade 3: This indicates severe fat accumulation in the liver, making it difficult to see certain parts of the liver on imaging³.

What Foods Should You Eat?

The following list gives you a gateway to eating foods that are good for you, if you have fatty liver disease:

• Doctors often recommend the Mediterranean diet to individuals with fatty liver disease.
• The Mediterranean diet emphasizes a high intake of vegetables, fruits, and healthy fats.
• Foods to include in a liver-friendly diet include whole grains, nuts, and legumes.
• Lean meats should be consumed in moderation and red meats should be totally avoided.
• Sweets and added sugars should be limited^1,4.

What Foods Should You Avoid?

Here is a list of foods to avoid if you have fatty liver disease: 

• Sugary beverages like soda, juice, lemonade, and sports drinks should be avoided.
• Red meats, cold cuts, bacon, and other processed meats should be limited in the diet.
• Butter should also be limited, and foods containing trans fats like fried foods, such as french fries, fried chicken, and doughnuts, processed snacks, such as crackers and chips and baked goods, such as cakes, cookies, and pastries should be avoided completely⁵.

Tips for Following the Fatty Liver Diet

1. Focus on a whole-foods, plant-based diet

Include plenty of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and legumes in your diet. These foods are rich in fibre, vitamins, and minerals, and low in saturated and trans fats, which can be beneficial for individuals with fatty liver disease.

2. Limit or avoid processed foods

Processed foods, such as fast food, snacks, and baked goods, often contain high amounts of sugar, unhealthy fats, and additives that can worsen fatty liver disease. Processed foods often contain high levels of fructose, unhealthy fats such as trans fats and saturated fats, and additives like high fructose corn syrup, which can increase the amount of fat deposited in the liver and contribute to liver inflammation.

3. Choose lean protein sources

Opt for lean protein sources such as skinless poultry, fish, beans, and lentils over red meats and processed meats, which are high in saturated fats. These foods are high in protein, iron, and fiber.

4. Avoid sugary beverages

Sugary beverages such as soda, juice, lemonade, and sports drinks can contribute to the development of fatty liver disease. Sugary and carbonated beverages contain high amounts of fructose and other sugars. When consumed in excess, these sugars are processed in the liver and converted into fat, leading to the accumulation of fat in the liver cells. Instead, opt for water, unsweetened tea, or coffee⁶.

5. Watch your portion sizes

Overeating can lead to weight gain and increase the risk of fatty liver disease. Be mindful of your portion sizes and consider using smaller plates or bowls to help control your portions. Large portion sizes can contribute to weight gain and obesity, which are risk factors for fatty liver disease. When we eat more calories than our body needs, the excess calories are stored as fat in the liver and other organs, leading to the development of fatty liver disease.

6. Limit alcohol consumption

Drinking alcohol in excess can damage the liver and exacerbate fatty liver disease. If you choose to drink, do so in moderation and always consult with your healthcare provider first. It is important to note that the American Liver Foundation recommends complete abstinence from alcohol, especially for those with alcoholic fatty liver disease⁶.

7. Exercise

Regular physical activity can aid in weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity, and a decreased risk of fatty liver disease. Try to exercise for at least 30 minutes, five days of the week, at a moderate level.

Remember, making simple lifestyle changes can go a long way in preventing and even reversing fatty liver disease. Always consult with your healthcare provider before making any significant changes to your diet or exercise routine^1,4,5.

Another important fruit that you can add to your diet is grapefruit. Grapefruits are rich in naringenin, a flavonoid that has liver-protective properties (as per several lab studies). Adding grapefruits to your diet might help you avoid further liver damage⁸.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Meal Plan For Fatty Liver

Here are some suggestions for a meal plan when you are following a fatty liver diet:

Day 1

• Breakfast: Besan chilla made with gram flour, onion, tomato and capsicum, served with a side of green chutney.
• Snack: Masala chaas (buttermilk spiced with cumin, coriander, and mint) with a handful of mixed nuts.
• Lunch: Palak paneer made with spinach and cottage cheese, served with a side of brown rice and salad.
• Snack: Roasted makhana (fox nuts) with chaat masala.
• Dinner: Tandoori chicken with a side of roasted vegetables and dal.

Day 2

• Breakfast: Oats upma made with oats, vegetables and spices, served with a side of coconut chutney.
• Snack: Dhokla made with besan and served with mint chutney.
• Lunch: Baked fish curry made with tomato, onion and spices, served with a side of quinoa and salad.
• Snack: Masala papad with chopped onions and tomatoes.
• Dinner: Rajma (kidney bean) curry made with tomato, onion and spices, served with a side of brown rice and salad.

Day 3

• Breakfast: Poha made with flattened rice, vegetables and spices, served with a side of green chutney.
• Snack: Roasted peanuts with a dash of chaat masala.
• Lunch: Lauki (bottle gourd) kofta curry made with onion, tomato and spices, served with a side of brown rice and salad.
• Snack: Boiled chana (chickpeas) chaat with chopped onions, tomatoes, and spices.
• Dinner: Chicken tikka masala made with tomato, onion, and spices, served with a side of quinoa and salad.

Day 4

• Breakfast: Vegetable dalia (broken wheat porridge) with a side of mint chutney.
• Snack: Fruit chaat made with mixed fruits and spices.
• Lunch: Methi (fenugreek) chicken curry made with tomato, onion and spices, served with a side of brown rice and salad.
• Snack: Roasted chana dal with spices.
• Dinner: Dal tadka made with lentils, tomato, onion and spices, served with a side of brown rice and salad.

Day 5

• Breakfast: Upma made with semolina, vegetables and spices, served with a side of green chutney.
• Snack: A glass of spiced buttermilk (chaas) with a handful of mixed nuts.
• Lunch: Baingan (eggplant) bharta made with onion, tomato and spices, served with a side of quinoa and salad.
• Snack: Roasted chana jor garam (spicy roasted chickpeas).
• Dinner: Chicken biryani made with brown rice, chicken, and spices, served with a side of raita.

Remember to drink plenty of water throughout the day, and limit or avoid alcohol, sugary drinks, and processed foods. This meal plan is a suggested guideline for a fatty liver diet and should not be taken as medical advice. 

It is recommended that you consult with a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian to create a personalized meal plan that meets your specific nutritional needs and dietary restrictions. 

You can tailor it according to your diet, your specific needs and preferences, but try to focus on whole foods, lean protein sources, and plenty of fruits and vegetables while limiting your intake of processed foods, sugar, and unhealthy fats⁵.

Certain drugs can cause harm to the liver. If you are diagnosed with a fatty liver, it is important that you let your doctor be aware about the medicines you take. Some medicines can aggravate your liver condition and make the condition worse⁷.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D (Ayu)

Tips To Manage Fatty Liver Disease

Here are some tips to help manage fatty liver disease:

• Consult with your doctor to take steps to control nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
• Lose weight by reducing the number of calories you eat each day and increasing physical activity.
• Eat a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and keep track of all calories you take in.
• Aim for at least 30 minutes of exercise most days of the week, but get your doctor’s approval first and start slowly.
• Follow your doctor’s instructions to stay in control of diabetes and monitor blood sugar closely.
• Keep cholesterol and triglycerides at healthy levels through a plant-based diet, exercise, and medications.
• Avoid things that put extra stress on your liver, such as alcohol and over-the-counter drugs.
• Discuss the potential benefits of vitamin E supplements or coffee with your doctor, but do not rely on alternative medicine treatments that are not proven to cure fatty liver disease².

Also Read: Liver Fibrosis: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) & Nash – NIDDK [Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2023 May 9]. Available from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/nafld-nash 
2. Kang BK, Kim M, Shin SJ, Kim YJ. Correlation of clinical and histopathologic parameters with ultrasonographic grades in pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2019 Dec 9;34(47). Available from: https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e298#:~:text=The%20radiologists%20evaluated%20the%20degree,preserved)%3B%203)%20grade%202
3. Annie Guinane RD. What foods help prevent and reverse fatty liver disease? [Internet]. UChicago Medicine. UChicago Medicine; 2021 [cited 2023May4]. Available from: https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/gastrointestinal-articles/fatty-liver-disease-diet
4. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease — a guide to — what how to eat – BCM [Internet]. [cited 2023May4]. Available from: https://www.bcm.edu/sites/default/files/a-guide-to-what-and-how-to-eat-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease.pdf  
5. Nseir W, Nassar F, Assy N. Soft drinks consumption and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2010 Jun 6;16(21):2579. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880768/ 
6. Alcohol-related liver disease: Risks & complications [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 May 9]. Available from: https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/alcohol-related-liver-disease/ 
7. MedlinePlus. Encephalitis [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine; [cited 2025 Oct 7]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000226.htm
8. Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. Moringa oleifera: a food plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phytother Res. 2007 Jan;21(1):17–25. doi:10.1002/ptr.2023. PMID: 17089328; PMCID: PMC9647116. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9647116/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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Introduction

Cancer appears as a solid tumor (lump) that is malignant¹. Penile cancer is a cancer of the penis (the external part of the male urinary and reproductive system). The cells present in the tissues of the penis give rise to different types of penile cancer.

Depending upon the type of cell affected in the penis, the type of penile cancer is determined. Following are the type of penile cancers: Squamous cell cancer, Melanoma, Basal cell cancer, Adenocarcinoma (Paget’s disease of the penis), and Sarcoma².  Penile cancers can start in any part of the penis. 

Most commonly it has been found to begin on the head or foreskin of the penis.  This cancer goes untreated in many individuals since it is associated with psychological distress. Males suffering from this type of cancer often delay seeking medical opinion because they fear and suffer embarrassment⁴ . Males who are over 55 years are most often detected with penile cancer. However, people who are under the age of 40 can also develop this type of cancer.

Signs and Symptoms of Penile Cancer

Irrespective of the type of penile cancer, mostly the foreskin and the tip of the penis (glans) get affected. Therefore, penile cancer symptoms are first visible on this part of the penis⁵.

Signs of penile cancer are listed as under:

• Skin changes: Skin thickening (phimosis), skin rash⁵, change in skin colour
• Swelling at the tip of the penis, particularly when the foreskin is restricted. It may be difficult to draw the foreskin back. 
• Groin-area lumps beneath the skin: Most frequently, lymph nodes in the groin are the first region affected by the malignancy, leading to the enlargement of lymph nodes. 

The following are the symptoms of penile cancer: 

• Skin thickening (phimosis), skin rash⁵, change in skin colour³
• Flat growth that appears bluish brown in colour³
• Bad-smelling fluid underneath your foreskin³
• A sore or a lump develops that does not heal within 28 days⁵
• Other symptoms include a feeling of tiredness, pain in the stomach, and weight loss⁵

Causes of Penile Cancer

Penile cancer is a rare form of cancer that starts in the tissues of the penis. The exact cause of penile cancer is not clear, but several factors have been identified that may increase the risk of developing this type of cancer:

• Human papillomavirus (HPV): HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection that has been linked to penile cancer. One can get infected with HPV from unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse, sharing of sex toys, and skin-to-skin contact with the genital area⁶.  
• Lack of circumcision: Men who are not circumcised have a higher risk of developing penile cancer than those who are circumcised.
• Smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of many types of cancer, including penile cancer. 

Risk Factors for Penile Cancer

Risk factors are not the factors causing penile cancer but these factors increase the chance of occurrence of developing penile cancer. Below are some of the risk factors³:

• Age: Individuals who are at the age of 55 or more are at higher risk of developing this cancer³.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV): Unprotected intercourse can result in developing penile cancer and other sexually transmitted diseases³.
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Patients suffering from HIV infections are also prone to penile cancer³.
• Tobacco consumption: Tobacco suppresses immunity and thereby increases the chances of developing penile cancer³. People who smoke cigarettes are 3 to 4.5 times more susceptible to penile cancer⁴.
• Inflammatory disorder of the penis: Lichen sclerosis causes inflammation either on the head of the penis or on the foreskin. If someone has a Lichen sclerosis infection, then they may develop penile cancer³. 

Diagnosis of Penile Cancer

Upon visiting the doctor following diagnostic protocols are carried out to understand the developing penile cancer in an individual. The mean age of diagnosis of penile cancer is at the age of 60 years⁴.

• Clinical evaluation by the doctor helps understand abnormal changes on the penis (changes like skin rash, colour change, soreness, or a lump). 
• Biopsy: In case the doctor suspects a tumour, he can suggest a biopsy. The results of the biopsy will confirm the presence or absence of penile cancer. 
• Imaging studies: Cancer has the characteristic of spreading to other parts of the body and affects healthy tissues. This reveals how much the cancer has grown and where it has spread. Hence, imaging studies are also a part of diagnosis³. 

Treatment of Penile Cancer

Treatment strategy for penile cancer depends on the size of the tumour, cancer stage, spread of the cancer, and its likelihood of relapsing after the treatment³. Often, treatment options are combined to have maximum therapeutic effect, following is a list of treatments that might be employed for treating penile cancer: 

In my experience, a healthy skin cell may become a cancer cell when you have penile cancer. Uncontrolled cancer cell growth results in the formation of a tumour that pushes the healthy cells aside. As time passes, cancer cells have the potential to invade further organs and tissues in your body. I strongly recommend routine complete body checkups for those who have a family history of cancer³.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Treatment for a mild form

• Medicinal creams 
• Removal of the foreskin, i.e., circumcision (restricted to certain religions)
• Laser treatment 

Treatment for a severe form

• Mohs surgery 
• Excision
• Penectomy (some part of the penis is removed)
• Lymphadenectomy (groin area lymph nodes are removed)
• Radiation therapy³

Prevention of Penile Cancer

Following are the possible preventive measures⁷:  

• Circumcision: In the past, circumcision (the removal of the foreskin from the penis) was advocated to reduce the risk of developing penile cancer. This was based on studies⁷ showing that circumcised males have significantly lower rates of penile cancer than uncircumcised men. However, in several investigations, after smegma and phimosis were taken into consideration, the circumcision’s protective effect was no longer evident. Nevertheless, some specialists assert that circumcision guards against penile cancer.
• Genital hygiene: Maintaining proper genital hygiene may be the most crucial element in preventing penile cancer in uncircumcised men. Men who aren’t circumcised must retract (drawback) their foreskin and clean their entire penis. By maintaining adequate genital cleanliness, non-circumcised men can help reduce their risk of developing penile cancer.
• HPV infection: Because HPV is so widespread, even one intercourse can increase your risk. The absence of visible warts cannot be used to diagnose HPV because a man can have the virus for years without showing any signs. A person can still be infected with HPV and transmit the virus to another person even if they do not have warts (or any other symptoms).
• Use of tobacco products: Smoking raises the risk of developing penile cancer; thus, abstaining from all tobacco products may reduce that risk. Using cigarettes less frequently or never at all is an effective method to lower your chance of developing numerous diseases, including penile cancer⁸.

Also Read: Does Masturbating Increase Risk of Prostate Cancer or Vice Versa?

Complications of Penile Cancer

Penile cancer complications are like any complication that arises due to surgical incidents such as:  

• Bleeding
• Infections
• Risks associated with the administration of general anesthesia. 
• Meatal stenosis is a very common complication post-penectomy. (Stenosis means an opening becoming narrower than normal)
• Complications occur repeatedly since the treated tumour might increase in size due to radiation therapy (RT). 
• Urethral strictures, 
• Fistula and pain in the penis 
• Penile necrosis problems that arise due to penile cancer⁴.

Did you know squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) makes up 95% of penile cancer cases? This type of cancer develops in the epithelium that is the top layer of your skin. Different types of tissues may develop other forms of penile cancer: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), melanoma, and sarcoma. Out of these, the malignancy melanoma is more dangerous³.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S M.D (Ayu)

When to See a Doctor

One should visit the doctor if the following conditions are observed. As a regular practice, one should look for the mentioned changes that occur in and around the penis: 

• If there is any bleeding from the penis 
• If the previous treatment for penile cancer was not effective
• If any other penile cancer symptoms prevail⁵

Also Read: How Exercise Can Help You Deal with Breast Cancer

Conclusion

Penile cancer, though rare, is a serious condition that requires timely recognition and treatment. The stigma, fear, and lack of awareness surrounding male reproductive health often lead to delayed diagnoses, affecting outcomes. Understanding the symptoms, risk factors, and causes, especially the role of HPV and poor hygiene can empower men to take preventive steps early on.

Fortunately, with advancements in diagnostics and treatment, many cases can be managed effectively when detected in time. Maintaining proper genital hygiene, avoiding tobacco, practicing safe sex, and not ignoring unusual symptoms are key pillars of prevention. If you notice any persistent changes in or around the penis, do not hesitate to consult a doctor. Early action can make a significant difference, not just in treatment success but also in overall well-being and quality of life.

Also Read: Jaundice: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes and Types

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. What is Cancer? | Cancer Basics | American Cancer Society [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/what-is-cancer.html
2. What Is Penile Cancer? [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/about/what-is-penile-cancer.html
3. Symptoms and Causes Diagnosis and Tests Management and Treatment Prevention Outlook / Prognosis Living With Ad [Internet]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6181-penile-cancer
4. Engelsgjerd JS, Lagrange CA. Penile Cancer Continuing Education Activity [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499930/
5. Symptoms Penile cancer Main symptoms of penile cancer [Internet]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/penile-cancer/symptoms/
6. Causes of penile cancer – NHS [Internet]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/penile-cancer/causes/
7. Penile Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention | Cancer.Net [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/penile-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention
8. Can Penile Cancer Be Prevented? [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/penile-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html
9. Sex and relationships | Penile cancer | Cancer Research UK [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/penile-cancer/living-with/sex-relationships
10. Penile Cancer: Symptoms, Stages & Treatment [Internet]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6181-penile-cancer
11. After surgery | Penile cancer | Cancer Research UK [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/penile-cancer/treatment/surgery/after-surgery

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

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परिचय

एसजीपीटी (एएलटी) परीक्षण एक खून परीक्षण है जो जिगर (liver) क्षति या बीमारी का पता लगाने में मदद करता है। यह खून में एक महत्वपूर्ण जिगर एंजाइम के स्तर को निर्धारित करता है।

• नमूना प्रकार: खून
• उपवास \ खाली पेट रहना जरूरी: हां
• उपनाम: सीरम ग्लूटामिक-पायरुविक टेस्ट (एसजीपीटी), एलनिन एमिनोट्रांसफेरेज टेस्ट (एएलटी), ग्लूटामिक-पायरुविक टेस्ट (जीपीटी)

नमूना प्रकार

एसजीपीटी (एएलटी) परीक्षण करने के लिए खून के नमूनों की आवश्यकता होती है। सबसे अधिक बार, खून हाथ में एक नस से एकत्र किया जाता है।

आपको कितनी बार परीक्षण करना चाहिए?

एसजीपीटी (एएलटी) परीक्षण जिगर क्षति या बीमारी के निर्धारण के लिए सहायक है। यदि परीक्षण के परिणाम जिगर क्षति की उपस्थिति का संकेत देते हैं, तो जिगर रोग के कारण का निर्धारण करने के लिए आगे का आकलन किया जाता है। डॉक्टर बीमारी के कारण के आधार पर दवाएं लिख सकते हैं। 

ऐसे मामलों में, रोगियों को यह निर्धारित करने के लिए कि क्या बीमारी ठीक हो गई है या बीमारी की प्रगति का बेहतर पता लगाने के लिए दवा के एक चक्र के पूरा होने के बाद परीक्षण को फिर से लेने की सलाह दी जा सकती है। 

यदि परिणाम किसी भी जिगर क्षति या बीमारी का संकेत नहीं देते हैं, तो परीक्षण एक व्यक्ति के नियमित चेकअप के एक भाग के रूप में वर्ष में एक बार किया जा सकता है।

एसजीपीटी (एएलटी) टेस्ट के अन्य नाम 

• एएलटी टेस्ट
• सीरम ग्लूटामिक-पायरुविक टेस्ट (एसजीपीटी)
• ग्लूटामिक-पायरुविक टेस्ट (जीपीटी)

टेस्ट समावेशन: कौन से पैरामीटर शामिल हैं?

परीक्षण में शामिल एकमात्र पैरामीटर खून में एएलटी का स्तर है। यह स्तर जिगर रोग की उपस्थिति या अनुपस्थिति को निर्धारित करने में मदद करता है। एएलटी का निम्न स्तर सामान्य है, जबकि उच्च एएलटी का स्तर चिंता का विषय है क्योंकि वे जिगर रोग के संकेत हैं।

एसजीपीटी (एएलटी) परीक्षण क्या पता लगाता है / मापता है और यह किसके लिए निर्धारित है? 

एसजीपीटी (एएलटी) परीक्षण खून में एएलटी स्तर को मापता है, जो किसी भी जिगर क्षति या जिगर रोग की उपस्थिति को इंगित करने में मदद करता है। 

परीक्षण उन व्यक्तियों के लिए डॉक्टरों द्वारा निर्धारित किया जाता है जिनके पास जिगर की क्षति या बीमारी के लक्षण हैं जिनमें शामिल हैंः

• पेट में दर्द और सूजन 
• उल्टी करना
• मतली
• पीली आंखें और त्वचा
• थकान
• कमजोरी
• गहरे रंग का मूत्र और हल्के रंग का पौप
• खुजली वाली त्वचा

कुछ अन्य कारणों से एक व्यक्ति को परीक्षण निर्धारित किया जा सकता हैः

• हेपेटाइटिस वायरस के संपर्क में
• शराब का अत्यधिक सेवन
• जिगर रोग का एक पारिवारिक इतिहास
• जिगर को नुकसान पहुंचाने के लिए जानी जाने वाली दवा का सेवन
• जिगर की बीमारी की प्रगति की निगरानी करने के लिए
• यह मूल्यांकन करने के लिए कि क्या जिगर रोगों के लिए उपचार लागू किया जा सकता है
• यह निर्धारित करने के लिए कि क्या और कितनी अच्छी तरह से उपचार काम कर रहा है

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (FAQs)

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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परिचय

ईएसआर (ESR), जिसे एरिथ्रोसाइट अवसादन दर (Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate) के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, एक खून परीक्षण है। यह लाल खून कोशिकाओं के सेडिमेंटेशन के दर को मापता है। इससे शरीर में हो रहे इन्फ्लेमेशन, बुखार, इंफेक्शन एवं अन्य बीमारियों का संकेत मिल सकता है। ईएसआर (ESR) इंफ्लेमेटरी रिस्पांस का एक सूचक है|

• नमूना प्रकार: खून 
• उपवास \ खाली पेट रहना जरूरी: नहीं
• उपनाम: ईएसआर, अवसादन दर, विनट्रोब की अवसादन दर, सेड दर, एरिथ्रोसाइट अवसादन दर, वेस्टरग्रेन अवसादन दर

नमूना प्रकार

ईएसआर का विश्लेषण खून के नमूने पर आधारित है। एक साधारण खून परीक्षण ईएसआर को निर्धारित करता है। 

आपको यह परीक्षण कितनी बार करना चाहिए?

ईएसआर परीक्षण के परिणामों के लिए डॉक्टर से सिफारिश की आवश्यकता होती है। एक बढ़ा ईएसआर स्तर एक इंफ्लेमेटरी प्रतिक्रिया की तीव्रता का मूल्यांकन करता है।

स्वास्थ्य देखभाल प्रदाता तीव्र और पुरानी इंफ्लेमेटरी बीमारियों में पूर्वानुमान का आकलन करने के लिए ईएसआर परीक्षण को दोहराएगा।

तीव्र इंफ्लेमेटरी प्रतिक्रिया की शुरुआत के 24 से 48 घंटे बाद ईएसआर का स्तर बढ़ना शुरू हो जाता है। सामान्य दायरे में लौटने में और सप्ताह से महीनों का समय लग सकता है। इसलिए, ईएसआर परीक्षण की आवृत्ति डॉक्टर के आकलन पर निर्भर करती है। डॉक्टर टेस्ट को तब तक दोहराने के लिए कह सकते हैं जब तक कि यह सामान्य ईएसआर स्तर नहीं हो जाता।

यदि ESR परिणाम का स्तर इस समय सीमा के भीतर नहीं गिरता है, तो परीक्षण को पुनरावृत्ति की आवश्यकता होती है। यदि ईएसआर का स्तर लगातार बढ़ता है, तो डॉक्टर सीआरपी के साथ पुनरावृत्ति की सलाह देते हैं। 

ईएसआर परीक्षण के अन्य नाम

• एरिथ्रोसाइट अवसादन दर (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
• वेस्टरग्रेन अवसादन दर (Westergren sedimentation rate)
• सेड दर (Sed rate)
• संशोधित वेस्टरग्रेन द्वारा सेड दर (Sed rate by modified Westergren)
• सेडीमेंटशन रेट (Sedimentation rate)

टेस्ट समावेशन: कौन से पैरामीटर शामिल हैं?

ईएसआर परीक्षण में केवल एक पैरामीटर (ईएसआर स्तर) शामिल है। यह अनुमान शरीर की इंफ्लेमेटरी प्रतिक्रिया में अंतर्दृष्टि प्रदान करता है। शरीर में गंभीर सूजन नहीं होने पर रीडिंग सामान्य सीमा के भीतर होगी। 

यदि शरीर संक्रमण से लड़ रहा है या आघात से उबर रहा है तो ईएसआर मूल्य अधिक होंगे। गंभीर स्वास्थ्य मुद्दों के साथ ईएसआर मूल्य अत्यधिक उच्च होंगे। ईएसआर स्तर का उपयोग उपचार और प्रबंधन को ट्रैक करने के लिए किया जाता है।

ईएसआर परीक्षण क्या पता लगाता है / मापता है और यह किसके लिए निर्धारित है?

ईएसआर मूल्यों को उन परीक्षणों में शामिल किया जाता है जो शरीर में इंफ्लेमेटरी प्रतिक्रियाओं का पता लगाते हैं। परीक्षण उस दर को मापता है जिस पर लाल खून कोशिकाएं खून प्लाज्मा के माध्यम से गिरती हैं और एक घंटे में एक परीक्षण ट्यूब के तल पर एक साथ क्लस्टर होती हैं।

लाल खून कोशिकाओं को नकारात्मक रूप से आयन चार्ज किया जाता है। अतः वे एक-दूसरे की ओर रुख़ करते है. नेगेटिव चार्ज इन कोशिकाओं को क्लस्टर बनाने और बसने से रोकता है। उच्च खून चिपचिपापन दर को कम करता है जिस पर एरिथ्रोसाइट्स तलछट।

तीव्र इंफ्लेमेटरी स्थितियों की शुरुआत से पहले ईएसआर स्तरों में एक ऊंचाई है। इंफ्लेमेटरी प्रतिक्रिया के संकेतों के साथ पेश करने वाले लोगों के लिए ईएसआर परीक्षण का सुझाव दिया जाता है, जैसे:

• सिरदर्द
• जोड़ों में जकड़न
• सूजी हुई जोड़ियां
• दर्दनाक जोड़ियां
• कंधों में दर्द
• भूख न लगना
• बिना किसी कारण के वजन कम करन
• तेज बुखार
• बुखार के साथ या बिना चिल्स
• मांसपेशियों में जकड़न
• गर्दन में दर्द
• एनीमिया
• अस्पष्ट कमजोरी
• बिना बताए वजन घटाना

ईएसआर का उपयोग निम्नलिखित के निदान के लिए किया जाता हैः

• ऑस्टियोमाइलाइटिस (osteomyelitis)
• कैंसर 
• आर्टेरिटिस (arteritis)
• प्रणालीगत ल्यूपस एरिथेमेटोसस (Systemic lupus erythematosus)
• पोलीमीआल्गीआ राइमेटिका (Polymyalgia rheumatica)
• रुमेटॉइड आर्थराइटिस (Rheumatoid arthritis)
• प्रणालीगत वास्कुलिटिस (Systemic vasculitis)
• रेनल डिसऑर्डर
• पेरिकार्डिटिस (Pericarditis)
• एंडोकार्डिटिस (Endocarditis)
• लिम्फेटिक कैंसर
• विभिन्न माइलोमा
• क्षय रोग

यदि आपके डॉक्टर को ऊपर सूचीबद्ध किसी भी स्थिति पर संदेह है, वे ईएसआर परीक्षण का आदेश दे सकते हैं। ऊपर बताई गई बीमारियों के उपचार के पाठ्यक्रम को ट्रैक करने के लिए ईएसआर परीक्षण की भी सिफारिश की जाती है।

ईएसआर परीक्षण पुरुषों और महिलाओं, दोनों वयस्कों और बच्चों के लिए लागू है। गर्भनिरोधक, एस्पिरिन, कोर्टिसोन, विटामिन ए जैसी कुछ दवाएं और गर्भावस्था और मोटापे जैसी स्थितियां ईएसआर के स्तर में झूठी वृद्धि का कारण बन सकती हैं। किसी भी वर्तमान दवाओं के बारे में अपने डॉक्टर को सूचित करें।

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (FAQs)

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

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परिचय

सीबीसी परीक्षण एक खून परीक्षण है जो आपके शरीर में विभिन्न खून कोशिकाओं के स्तर को मापता है। श्वेत खून कोशिकाओं (WBC), लाल खून कोशिकाओं (RBC) प्लेटलेट्स, और हीमोग्लोबिन का परीक्षण आपके समग्र स्वास्थ्य की स्थिति और विशिष्ट स्वास्थ्य मुद्दों को निर्धारित करने में मदद करता है।

• नमूना प्रकार: खून
• उपवास \ खाली पेट रहना जरूरी: नहीं
• अलियास: पूर्ण खून गणना, पूर्ण खून चित्र, हेमोग्राम, सीबीसी विभेदक गणना के साथ

सीबीसी टेस्ट के लिए नमूना प्रकार

सीबीसी परीक्षण के लिए आपके खून का नमूना आवश्यक है।

आपको सीबीसी टेस्ट कितनी बार लेना चाहिए?

सीबीसी परीक्षण आमतौर पर अंतर्निहित निदान के आधार पर दोहराया जाता है। हर बीमारी के साथ, सीबीसी टेस्ट को दोहराने की आवश्यकता बदल जाती है। यदि हीमोग्लोबिन के स्तर को ट्रैक करने की आवश्यकता है, तो परीक्षण हर 1-3 महीने में दोहराया जाता है।
यदि डेंगू या चिकनगुनिया जैसी तीव्र बमारी के दौरान प्लेटलेट काउंट की निगरानी की जाती है, तो सीबीसी परीक्षण हर दिन या हर वैकल्पिक दिन दोहराया जाता है। तीव्र बीमारियों के लिए अलग-अलग मापदंडों को ट्रैक करने के लिए सीबीसी परीक्षण हर हफ्ते या सप्ताह में दो बार दोहराया जाता है। 
आपकी वार्षिक स्वास्थ्य जांच के हिस्से के रूप में, सीबीसी परीक्षण वार्षिक रूप से दोहराया जाता है। 

सीबीसी टेस्ट के अन्य नाम

• सीबीसी विथ डिफरेंशियल काउंट्स (CBC With Differential Counts)
• हैमोग्राम (Haemogram)
• खून की पूरी तस्वीर (Complete Blood Picture)
• पूरी खून की गणना (Full Blood Count)

टेस्ट इंक्लूजन: सीबीसी टेस्ट में कौन से पैरामीटर शामिल हैं?

सीबीसी परीक्षण खून के विभिन्न घटकों के स्तर को मापता है जो इस प्रकार हैं :

• लाल खून कोशिका (आरबीसी): गिनती आपके खून में लाल खून कोशिकाओं की संख्या का माप है।
• हीमोग्लोबिन का स्तर: आपके खून की ऑक्सीजन ले जाने की क्षमता के बारे में बताता है।
• हेमाटोक्रिट: मूल्यों आप अपने कुल खून की मात्रा का प्रतिशत है कि लाल खून कोशिकाओं में शामिल दे।
• एक रेटिकुलोसाइट गणना: खून में नए जारी किए गए युवा आरबीसी की पूर्ण गणना को मापती है।
• मीन कॉर्पसकुलर वॉल्यूम (एमसीवी): लाल खून कोशिकाओं के औसत आकार को मापता है।
• मीन कॉर्पसकुलर हीमोग्लोबिन (एमसीएच): लाल खून कोशिकाओं के अंदर हीमोग्लोबिन की औसत मात्रा का एक गणना माप है।
• मीन कॉर्पसकुलर हीमोग्लोबिन एकाग्रता (एमसीएचसी): लाल खून कोशिकाओं के अंदर औसत हीमोग्लोबिन एकाग्रता का एक गणना उपाय है।
• लाल कोशिका वितरण चौड़ाई: लाल खून कोशिकाओं के आकार में भिन्नता को मापती है।
• श्वेत खून कोशिका (डब्ल्यूबीसी): गिनती आपके खून में श्वेत खून कोशिकाओं की संख्या को मापती है।
• डब्ल्यूबीसी अंतर: में आपके खून में विभिन्न प्रकार के डब्ल्यूबीसी शामिल हैं, अर्थात् :
  • न्यूट्रोफिल्स (neutrophils)
  • इओसिनोफिल्स (eosinophils)
  • लिम्फोसाइट्स (lymphocytes)
  • मोनोसाइट्स (monocytes)
  • बसोफिल्स (basophils)

इन सफेद खून कोशिकाओं की व्यक्तिगत गणना एक पूर्ण गणना और एक प्रतिशत गणना के रूप में दी जाती है।

• प्लेटलेट काउंट: आपके खून में प्लेटलेट्स की संख्या को मापता है।
• मीन प्लेटलेट वॉल्यूम (एमपीवी): प्लेटलेट्स के औसत आकार का माप है।
• प्लेटलेट वितरण चौड़ाई (पीडीडब्ल्यू): प्लेटलेट के आकार में एकरूपता को मापता है।

सीबीसी टेस्ट क्या पता लगाता है/ मापता है और यह किसके लिए निर्धारित है?

सीबीसी परीक्षण लाल खून कोशिकाओं, श्वेत खून कोशिकाओं और प्लेटलेट्स जैसे विभिन्न खून घटकों की संख्या को मापता है। 

यदि आपके पास निम्नलिखित लक्षण हैं तो एक सीबीसी परीक्षण निर्धारित किया जाता है :

• थकान
• कमजोरी
• आसान चोट या खून बह रहा है
• संक्रमण
• चक्कर आना
• बुखार
• मतली
• उल्टी करना
• जलन के साथ सूजन

विभिन्न स्थितियों के लिए उपचार की निगरानी करते समय सीबीसी परीक्षण भी निर्धारित किया जाता है, उनमें से कुछ के नीचे लिस्टिंग :

• संक्रमण
• कैंसर
• एनीमिया
• खून बहने के विकार
• विटामिन और मिनरल्स की कमी
• डेंगू, मलेरिया, चिकनगुनिया
• किसी भी प्रकार का संक्रमण
• ऑटोइम्यून डिसीज
• अस्थि मज्जा का विकार
• आयरन और विटामिन बी 12 की कमी

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (FAQs)

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