Introduction

Type 1 diabetes (previously known as Juvenile diabetes), like other diseases, has been on the rise. 

 It is a type of autoimmune disease. The pancreas does not produce enough insulin to convert blood sugar into energy. This type of Diabetes in children cannot be cured and is a lifelong predicament.

Providing healthy food options and inculcating good lifestyle habits like regular exercise and proper sleep are essential for better health and well-being. Encourage your children to eat a diet low in fat, sugar, processed foods and to eat nutrient-rich food like fruits and vegetables, lean meats, and protein-rich foods. Drinking an ample amount of water is also beneficial for better health, growth, and prevention of various diseases. There are certain warning signs that trigger the possibility of diabetes in children¹. They are listed below.

If a child has diabetes and it isn’t diagnosed for a long time or they also become unwell with an infection, they may be at risk of diabetic coma which may make them lose consciousness because of brain swelling.

Dr. Ashish Bajaj, M.B.B.S. M.D. in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology

Symptoms Of Diabetes In Children

1. Increased Thirst and Frequent Urination

The child experiences several bouts of extensive thirst as the blood sugar pulls out water from the cells. This also leads to frequent urination. Some children even start bedwetting².

2. Dry Mouth and Itchy Skin

Patients start suffering from itchy skin and dry mouths. This is because of a lack of fluids in the body that manifests as these symptoms².

3. Extreme Hunger

Children suffering from diabetes experience extreme hunger, even after eating full meals. This is because the body is unable to utilize the energy released from the food consumed².

The most common signs of diabetes in toddlers and children include an increase in thirst and more frequent or increased urination. Most of the time in my practice, I have seen that most children’s parents notice ants around the child’s urine in the bathroom.

Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS MD(Pediatrics)

4. Unexplained Weight Loss

Even though the child eats his meals, he/she may suffer from weight loss. This is again because the body is unable to put to use the energy released from food².

5. Fatigue

Lethargic behavior, feelings of laziness and drowsiness are all warning signs of diabetes in children. The body is left without its requisite energy fuel as it cannot utilize the blood sugar to provide energy².

Want to manage your diabetes effectively? Book your free diabetes consultation from our experts!

6. Behaviour Change

Children suffering from diabetes exhibit behavioural changes. They may become irritable, anxious and aggressive. Some of them feel the blues and might even suffer from depression³.

7. Vision Problems

Symptoms related to eyes might be the very initial symptoms experienced by some children..  The common complains include blurred vision, dryness of eyes and itching , often accompanied with urinary complains and dryness of mouth.

Also Read: 8 Sign & Symptoms Of Diabetes In Men

8. Fruity Breath

One of the most obvious signs of diabetes in children is the development of sweet-smelling, fruity breath. This is because of the build-up of toxic acids in the bloodstream and the urine. These toxic acids, known as ketones, cause a fruity smell. The children who develop significant amounts of ketones, eventually experience pain in abdomen, nausea, vomiting and difficulty in breathing. This is a red flag, requiring urgent medical intervention, often requiring hospitalization for better care of the child⁴.

If left untreated, diabetes can shut down the system, organ by organ. In long term, It can cause cataract, glaucoma and sometimes complete vision loss The cuts and bruises take a long time to heal in diabetics and are at risk of developing gangrene. The feet are at a risk, especially since they receive the least blood flow in the body.

If diabetes runs in your family or if you notice any of the above symptoms in your child, get a blood sugar test done immediately for comprehensive and timely action.

Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but most children are diagnosed within two age ranges – when they are between 4-7 years old and 10-14 years old.

Dr. Ashish Bajaj, M.B.B.S. M.D. in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology

Also Read: Diabetes: The Silent Killer Sweeping Across India

References

1. Ref : Liu, J., Ren, ZH., Qiang, H. et al. Trends in the incidence of diabetes mellitus: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 and implications for diabetes mellitus prevention. BMC Public Health 20, 1415 (2020).Available from: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09502-x

2. CDC. Symptoms of Diabetes [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2024 May 15 [cited 2025 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/signs-symptoms/index.html

3. de Wit M, Gajewska KA, Goethals ER, McDarby V, Zhao X, Hapunda G, Delamater AM, DiMeglio LA. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Psychological care of children, adolescents and young adults with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022 Dec;23(8):1373-1389. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13428. Epub 2022 Dec 5. PMID: 36464988; PMCID: PMC10107478. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10107478/

4. Sha MS, Maurya MR, Shafath S, Cabibihan JJ, Al-Ali A, Malik RA, Sadasivuni KK. Breath Analysis for the In Vivo Detection of Diabetic Ketoacidosis. ACS Omega. 2022 Jan 24;7(5):4257-4266. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05948. PMID: 35155918; PMCID: PMC8830064. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8830064/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

3

Introduction

Breast cancer is a disease where the cells and tissues in the breast change and grow out of control¹. This extra growth can form a lump called a tumour. If the tumour keeps growing, it can spread to nearby breast tissue, reach the lymph nodes, and move to other parts of the body². Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women, after skin cancer³. 

Getting diagnosed early often leads to more effective treatment. In most cases, screening tests like mammograms can detect breast cancer even before a lump forms. Around 99 in 100 women survive 5 years or more when breast cancer is caught early. Survival drops to about 87 in 100 if it spreads nearby, and to about 33 in 100 if it spreads further^4,5. After diagnosis, doctors choose treatment by looking at how advanced the cancer is, what signals the cancer cells show (like hormones or HER2), and the person’s overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation, or medicines². 

In this blog, we will see what breast cancer is, its types, early signs, and how to lower the risk or manage it. 

What Is Breast Cancer?

The breast is an organ in the front of the chest that makes milk after childbirth. It is more developed in women, while in men it stays smaller⁶. 

Breast cancer happens when cells in the breast grow out of control. It usually begins in the milk ducts (tiny tubes that carry milk) or in the lobules (glands that make milk). Sometimes the cancer stays in place, but if it spreads into nearby tissue, it can grow and move to other parts of the body. If the cancer cells stay inside the duct, it is called ductal carcinoma in situ. If they break through the duct wall and spread into nearby tissue, it is called invasive ductal carcinoma. Sometimes, cancer can also begin in the lobules. When it spreads from the lobules into nearby tissue, it is called invasive lobular carcinoma^7,9. 

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, affecting about 2.3 million women each year. In India, it accounts for about 1 in 8 cancer cases, with around 1.6 lakh women diagnosed in 2020. Breast cancer survival rates depend on how early it is found and treated; about 66 out of 100 women in India live at least five years after diagnosis^10,12. 

Causes & Risk Factors of Breast Cancer

The reasons for breast cancer could be due to hereditary or lifestyle-related factors. 

• Hereditary (Genetic factors): BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumour suppressor genes (genes that repair damaged DNA and keep cells healthy). When these genes undergo changes called mutations, they don’t work properly, leading to breast cancer. This mutated gene is inherited from your parents, and those who have this gene have an 85% risk of getting breast cancer early. 

Other causes of breast cancer are: 

• Age: As you get older, risk increases, mainly after age 50. Most cancers are diagnosed after this age. 
• If you attain puberty at 12 and menopause after 55: This leads to a longer reproductive span with a longer exposure to hormones like oestrogen. When tissues are exposed to these hormones for a longer period, the risk of cancer can increase. 
• Breast density: Dense breasts (breasts with more firm tissue and less fat) makes tumour detection difficult during scans or mammograms, so breast cancer can be missed. 
• History: If you had breast cancer earlier or any other breast diseases in the ducts or lobules, your cancer risk increases. In addition, having a close family member with breast cancer can increase your risk of developing the disease, as genetics also play an important role. 

The modifiable risk factors of breast cancer are: 

• Physical inactivity increases risk, especially if you are obese. 
• Taking oral contraceptive pills for several years or hormone medicine during menopause may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. This risk gradually decreases once the pills are stopped. 
• Those who get pregnant after 30, do not breastfeed, or do not have a full-term pregnancy are at increased risk. 
• Alcohol consumed in larger quantity increases the risk of breast cancer^12,13. 

Types of Breast Cancer

There are different types of breast cancer and they vary in tumour behaviour, grade, and treatment response. 

1. Non-invasive breast cancer

• Ductal carcinoma in situ is an early, non-invasive cancer that stays inside the milk ducts. It is found more often now due to better screening and shows as tiny spots on mammograms. It is considered “stage 0” cancer and, if untreated, can grow into invasive cancer. 
• Lobular carcinoma in situ occurs when abnormal cells are found inside the lobules of the breast. It is not cancer, but it does mean a higher chance of developing invasive breast cancer later in some women. Regular check-ups and close monitoring are usually recommended¹⁴. 

2. Invasive breast cancer

• Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type (70-80%) of breast cancer. It starts in the ducts and can spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms include a lump or nipple changes. It usually responds well to chemotherapy. 
• Invasive lobular carcinoma accounts for about 10-15% of all breast cancers. It grows in the lobules and can be harder to detect. It often responds well to hormone therapy but less to chemotherapy and may return years later^7,15. 

Breast cancer is also divided into different subtypes depending on certain proteins called receptors. These include oestrogen and progesterone receptors and another called HER2. Some breast cancers use these proteins to grow faster. 

• Triple-negative breast cancer: This type doesn’t have oestrogen, progesterone, or HER2 receptors. Its growth and spread tends to be faster than other types. 
• HER2-positive breast cancer has too much of the HER2 protein, which helps the cancer grow quickly. Targeted medicines like trastuzumab and pertuzumab can now block HER2 and yield much better outcomes than before. 
• Most breast cancers called luminal types have hormone receptors. Luminal A type grows slowly, can be treated with hormone medicine, and usually has a good outcome, while luminal B type grows faster, may need hormone medicines plus chemotherapy, and has a slightly higher risk¹⁶. 

Breast Cancer Stages

Breast cancer is divided into 5 stages based on how much the cancer has grown and its spread to other parts. 

• Stage 0 means cancer cells are only in one place and haven’t spread outside the ducts, not including lobular carcinoma in situ. 
• Stage 1 means the tumour is small (≤2 cm) and may have spread to the nearby lymph nodes, but not to other organs. 
• Stage 2 includes a larger tumour (≤5 cm) and/or more nearby lymph nodes, but still no distant spread. 
• Stage 3 means the cancer has spread more in the breast, nearby lymph nodes, or to the chest wall/skin. 
• Stage 4 means the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (metastatic disease) and is not curable but treatment can control the symptoms and help patients live longer^17,18. 

Doctors use the TNM system to decide the cancer stage. T stands for the size of the tumour, N shows if lymph nodes have cancer, and M indicates whether the cancer has spread to distant parts. 

The higher the stage, the more advanced the cancer is. Staging the cancer helps to formulate the best treatment plan and predict how likely it is that the patient will recover. It also helps track how the cancer changes over time during breast cancer treatment and predict the outcomes¹⁸. 

Early Signs & Symptoms

Many individuals who have breast cancer don’t show symptoms in the early stage, so how to identify breast cancer? You can check for lumps in the breasts yourself or get them checked during regular checkups or screening from a doctor. Symptoms may be seen only when the cancer grows or spreads. 

The common signs and symptoms of early and advanced breast cancer are: 

• Early Signs of Breast Cancer: The breast early cancer findings are a small lump or thick area in the breast or underarm. Other signs include skin puckering, nipple changes like pulling in, unusual fluid discharge, or uneven size of the breasts^8,19. 
• Advanced Signs: When cancer grows, more serious symptoms appear like swollen lymph nodes in the armpit or ongoing pain in the breast area and general symptoms like losing weight without reason, feeling tired, or sharp pain. The cancer can also spread to the bones, lungs, liver, or brain, causing other symptoms. 

The table below gives more clarity on breast cancer symptoms in early and advanced stages^19,20. 

How to Check for Breast Cancer

Breast cancer can be checked by different methods. You can check your breasts for changes yourself, or a doctor can do a breast examination to feel for any lumps or unusual signs. 

1. Checking Your Breasts for Changes

• Stand in front of a mirror and relax with your arms by your side. Look closely if there are any changes in the size, shape, or skin texture of the breasts. Raise your arms and check again for changes. 
• While lying down or taking a bath, use the pads of your fingers and gently feel your entire breast and underarm area in a circular motion. Use light, medium, and firm pressure while checking for any thickness or lumps in those areas. 
• Check the nipple for any lump or discharge other than milk or any other changes^21,22. 

If you notice any changes in these areas, see a doctor promptly so that even small changes can be checked thoroughly. 

2. Clinical Breast Examination

This is done by a doctor who will gently feel and check the breasts and underarms for any lumps or unusual signs. They carefully look for anything different in the breast like changes in size, shape, or texture²³. 

There are certain screening tests available to check for breast cancer, as below: 

3. Imaging Tests

Besides exams done by you or your doctor, there are imaging tests that can give a clearer picture of breast cancer. 

• Mammogram is an x-ray image of your breast. It helps find breast cancer early, even before you can feel any lumps. 
• Breast MRI uses magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the breast. ²¹ 
• Ultrasound tests use sound waves to get pictures of the inside of the breast. They are used for people with dense breasts or those at higher risk of getting breast cancer. 
• Biopsy: A small piece of breast tissue is taken and examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells²³. 

The type of screening required for breast cancer depends on your medical condition and risks, as the doctor advises. It is recommended that women aged 40 to 74 years with average breast cancer risk get a mammogram every 2 years. Those who have risks like BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation, or have had chest radiation at a young age, need more frequent screening as advised by the doctor^21,23. 

Is Breast Cancer Curable?

The treatment of breast cancer depends on the stage of breast cancer. No two patients are exactly the same, and treatment and responses to treatment can vary a lot. 

Around the world, about 92 out of 100 women live at least 5 years after being diagnosed with breast cancer. In India, the numbers are lower because many women find out late or don’t get full treatment. 

If breast cancer is found early and before it spreads to other parts, the survival rate increases. Therefore, regular checks and timely screening for women at increased risk can help find cancer early. In India, many women do not get routine mammograms, so doctors mainly use careful breast exams and special imaging tests to detect cancer early and make it easier to treat^24,26. 

Breast Cancer Treatment Options

There are various treatment options for breast cancer, the choice of which depends on the type of breast cancer and its stage, as follows: 

• Surgery: This is often the first step for breast cancer. However, not all patients have surgery first; sometimes chemotherapy or hormone therapy is given before surgery to shrink the tumour (neoadjuvant treatment). Lumpectomy removes only the tumour and some nearby tissue and is done in early stages. Mastectomy, which removes the whole breast, is mostly done when cancer is of significant size, but the decision also depends on tumour location, number of tumours, patient choice, and gene changes.  
• Radiation: Radiation uses strong rays to kill cancer cells after surgery. It helps stop cancer from coming back in the breast or nearby areas. Radiation may be given after lumpectomy or sometimes after mastectomy. 
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy medicines are given to kill cancer cells in the body. It is used for higher-risk hormone-positive cancers and also when cancer is very aggressive, like triple-negative or HER2-positive breast cancer. Common chemotherapy medicines include cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), epirubicin, and docetaxel. 
• Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy blocks certain hormones that help the breast cancer grow. Medicines like tamoxifen, exemestane, and letrozole block or lower these hormones. Tamoxifen can be used in both younger and older women. Letrozole and exemestane are usually used in older women, especially after menopause, however, they can also be used in younger women if their ovaries are temporarily shut down (ovarian suppression). 
• Targeted Therapy: Some breast cancers are associated with a protein called HER2 that makes the cancer cells grow faster. Medicines like trastuzumab and pertuzumab block this protein to stop cancer growth. HER2-positive cancers are usually treated with chemotherapy and targeted medicines, but the amount and type of chemotherapy can vary depending on the patient. Other drugs like PARP inhibitors (e.g., olaparib and talazoparib) help people who have BRCA gene changes. CDK4/6 inhibitors such as palbociclib slow down cancer cells in breast cancer associated with hormones. 
• Immunotherapy: For some difficult or advanced breast cancers, new medicines help the body’s immune system fight cancer better. These include medicines that help the body’s own immune system find and attack cancer cells. For example, pembrolizumab is one such drug used in some cases of triple-negative breast cancer that test positive for a marker called PD-L1. 

Some patients may receive a combination of therapies to improve their chances of recovery. When breast cancer is diagnosed early, treatment can be planned to get the best outcome and help prevent cancer from coming back^2,8. 

How to Prevent Breast Cancer

Breast cancer cannot be completely prevented, but healthy lifestyle choices and certain measures may help lower the risk. These include: 

• Keep your weight within a healthy range. 
• Regular physical activity. 
• Avoid or limit alcohol use. 
• Breastfeed your children if possible. 
• Get a mammogram every two years for women aged 50 to 74, or sooner if risk is higher^27,28. 
• Take preventive medicines like tamoxifen or raloxifene (if prescribed by the doctor) in women at high risk of breast cancer. 
• Consider medicines such as anastrozole or letrozole after menopause, as they lower oestrogen levels and help in breast cancer prevention. 
• Discuss preventive surgery with your doctor if you are at very high risk. 
• Ask about genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 if you have a family history; if results are positive, your doctor will guide you on next steps^29,30. 

When to See a Doctor?

You must see a doctor if you have any of these signs, which could possibly indicate breast cancer: 

• A lump in the breast 
• Pain in the breast 
• Nipple discharge 
• Changes in the skin or dimpling in breast 
• Itching of the breast²⁷ 

Conclusion

Breast cancer can be managed well if found in the early stages. Knowing the early signs and acting promptly helps early detection and treatment initiation. Many types of breast cancer respond well to advanced medicines, especially when diagnosed early, leading to better outcomes and improved recovery. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. MedlinePlus. Breast Cancer [Internet]. Medlineplus.gov. National Library of Medicine; 2019. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/breastcancer.html 
2. World Health Organization. Breast cancer [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2024. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer 
3. National Cancer Institute. Breast Cancer [Internet]. National Cancer Institute. Cancer.gov; 2019. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast 
4. CDC. U.S. Cancer Statistics Breast Cancer Stat Bite [Internet]. United States Cancer Statistics. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/united-states-cancer-statistics/publications/breast-cancer-stat-bite.html 
5. National Cancer Institute. Female Breast Cancer – Cancer Stat Facts [Internet]. SEER. 2024. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html 
6. Bazira PJ, Ellis H, Mahadevan V. Anatomy and physiology of the breast. Surgery (Oxford). 2021 Dec;40(2). Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026393192100260X  
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breast Cancer Basics [Internet]. Breast Cancer. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/about/index.html 
8. Alkabban FM, Ferguson T. Breast Cancer [Internet]. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/?report=reader 
9. Łukasiewicz S, Czeczelewski M, Forma A, Baj J, Sitarz R, Stanislawek A. Breast cancer—epidemiology, Risk factors, classification, Prognostic markers, and Current Treatment Strategies—an Updated Review. Cancers [Internet]. 2021;13(17):4287. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8428369/ 
10. Mehrotra R, Yadav K. Breast cancer in India: Present scenario and the challenges ahead. World Journal of Clinical Oncology [Internet]. 2022 Mar 24;13(3):209–18. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8966510/ 
11. Pillai RN, Alex A, Narassima M.S, Verma V, Ajil Shaji, Keechilat Pavithran, et al. Economic burden of breast cancer in India, 2000–2021 and forecast to 2030. Scientific Reports [Internet]. 2025 Jan 8;15(1). Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83896-1#Sec13 
12. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Breast cancer: A review of risk factors and diagnosis. Medicine [Internet]. 2024 Jan 19;103(3). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10798762/#sec-a.d.btitle 
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breast cancer risk factors [Internet]. CDC. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html 
14. Udaya Kumar D. Issue 3 www.jetir.org(ISSN-2349-5162). JETIR2403572 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Aug 11];11. Available from: https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2403572.pdf 
15. Yang C, Lei C, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Ji F, Pan W, et al. Comparison of Overall Survival Between Invasive Lobular Breast Carcinoma and Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Matching Study Based on SEER Database. Frontiers in Oncology [Internet]. 2020 Dec 22;10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7783385/ 
16. Yersal O, Barutca S. Biological Subtypes of Breast cancer: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications. World Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2014;5(3):412. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4127612/ 
17. Cancer Australia. Stages of breast cancer [Internet]. Cancer Australia. 2024. Available from: https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/breast-cancer/how-breast-cancer-diagnosed/stages-breast-cancer 
18. Teichgraeber DC, Guirguis MS, Whitman GJ. Breast Cancer Staging: Updates in the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 8th Edition and Current Challenges for Radiologists, From the AJR Special Series on Cancer Staging. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2021 Feb 17;217(2). Available from: https://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/AJR.20.25223  
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Symptoms of Breast Cancer [Internet]. Breast Cancer. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/symptoms/index.html 
20. National Breast Cancer Foundation. Stage 4 (advanced or metastatic) breast cancer | NBCF [Internet]. National Breast Cancer Foundation (NBCF) | Donate Online. 2025. Available from: https://nbcf.org.au/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/stage-4-advanced-or-metastatic-breast-cancer/ 
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening for breast cancer [Internet]. Breast Cancer. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/screening/index.html 
22. NHS. How to check your breasts or chest [Internet]. nhs.uk. 2024. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/how-to-check-your-breasts-or-chest/ 
23. National Cancer Institute. Breast cancer screening [Internet]. National Cancer Institute. Cancer.gov; 2023. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-screening-pdq 
24. CDC. U.S. Cancer Statistics Breast Cancer Stat Bite [Internet]. United States Cancer Statistics. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/united-states-cancer-statistics/publications/breast-cancer-stat-bite.html 
25. National Cancer Institute. Female Breast Cancer – Cancer Stat Facts [Internet]. SEER. 2024. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html 
26. Mehrotra R, Yadav K. Breast cancer in India: Present scenario and the challenges ahead. World Journal of Clinical Oncology [Internet]. 2022 Mar 24;13(3):209–18. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8966510/ 
27. Healthdirect Australia. Breast cancer [Internet]. www.healthdirect.gov.au. 2019. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/breast-cancer 
28. CDC. Reducing Risk for Breast Cancer [Internet]. Breast Cancer. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/prevention/index.html 
29. National Cancer Institute. Breast cancer prevention [Internet]. Cancer.gov; 2021. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-prevention-pdq 
30. Breast Cancer – ICMR – National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research [Internet]. Cancerindia.org.in. 2015 [cited 2025 Aug 11]. Available from: https://cancerindia.org.in/breast-cancer/#1715844966007-b672ee3f-48d7 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

Introduction

The prostate is a small gland in the male reproductive system, which is located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body. The main function of the prostate is to produce a white, milky fluid called semen that helps carry sperm. The prostate muscles push out the semen during ejaculation through the urethra¹. 

So, what is prostate cancer? When the cells in the prostate start growing abnormally, it can turn into prostate cancer. In the early stage, these cells grow in a confined place within the prostate gland. But in advanced stages, the cancer spreads beyond the prostate to nearby tissues, adjacent lymph nodes, and to other parts of the body². 

Among men, prostate cancer ranks as the second most common type of cancer worldwide. The risk of developing prostate cancer is higher in men over the age of 50, and this risk continues to increase as men grow older^3,4. 

In this blog, we will explore the causes, early symptoms, available prostate cancer treatments, and ways to reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer. 

Causes & Risk Factors

Prostate cancer develops due to various causes and risk factors. The reasons for prostate cancer include: 

• Family History: If there is someone in your family who got prostate cancer, there is a risk of you getting it because of a genetic or inherited factor that causes it. Especially if the relative who got cancer is young, the risk is higher. 
• Genetics: When certain inherited gene changes occur in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (which cause breast or ovarian cancer) it could cause prostate cancer. Men with Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC), also called Lynch syndrome (a genetic condition that increases the risk of several types of cancer), have a higher chance of getting prostate cancer due to these genetic alterations. 
• Age: As you age, the risk of getting prostate cancer increases. It is rare below 40 years, but after 50, the risk increases rapidly. 
• Race: The risk is higher in African Black men than in others, and they may also get more aggressive, advanced-stage cancer. The risk is less in Asian American and Hispanic men than in non-Hispanic white men⁵. 
• Diet: ​Another prostate cancer cause could be your diet. ​Those who eat a lot of red meat and processed meat have a high risk of getting prostate cancer. 

Other factors like obesity and chronic inflammation of the prostate gland, may also contribute to an increased risk of prostate cancer^5,6. 

How to Recognise Early Signs & Symptoms

The signs of prostate cancer don’t usually show in the early stage, but if they do appear, they can be like

• Weak urine flow, starting and stopping in between 
• Pain or burning while urinating 
• Sudden urge to urinate 
• Frequently urinating at night 

In advanced stages, the prostate cancer symptoms may include: 

• Blood in semen 
• Blood in urine (rarely) 
• Bone pain 
• Pain in the hip 
• Loss of bladder or bowel control due to cancer growth pressing on the spinal cord 
• Weak or numb legs and feet 

The urinary symptoms are seen when the prostate is enlarged and pressing on the urethra, which affects the flow of urine. But these symptoms can also be seen in conditions other than cancer.
Therefore you need to visit a doctor, who will do certain tests and find out if you have prostate cancer^5,7. 

Diagnosis & Stages of Prostate Cancer

Since early-stage prostate cancer does not show symptoms, it is usually detected only through screening. When symptoms are seen in advanced prostate cancer stages, certain tests are done to diagnose prostate cancer, including: 

• Doctor taking history and doing physical exam: Your doctor will ask about your urinary symptoms, sexual problems, and bone pain. 
• Digital rectal exam: The doctor will do this examination by inserting a gloved finger into the rectum to feel if the prostate is hardened. Based on this, the doctor may ask you to take blood tests. 
• PSA blood test: The prostate produces prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The normal level should be less than 4. If it goes above the range of 4 to 10, then the chance of having prostate cancer is about 50%. This PSA test is done as a screening test for those without symptoms and also for those with symptoms it helps to confirm diagnosis. 
• Transrectal ultrasound: If your PSA levels are abnormal, this scan is done. A probe is inserted into your rectum and pictures of your prostate are viewed on a computer. This shows the size of the prostate and any changes. 
• Prostate biopsy: Based on symptoms and blood tests, if your doctor suspects you may have prostate cancer, he will ask you to get a biopsy done. A small area of tissue is taken from the prostate and examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells and to stage your cancer. 
• Other tests: If cancer is suspected to have spread to the bones, tests like bone scan, CT scan, or MRI scan may be needed in advanced stages, when the cancer has spread outside the prostate to lymph nodes or other parts of the body. 

Based on these blood tests, scans, and biopsy reports, prostate cancer is classified into stages. There are 5 main things they look at to stage prostate cancer: 

• T category: This measures the size of the tumour and whether it has grown outside the prostate, based on exams, scans, and biopsy results. 
• N category: This shows whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. 
• M category: This indicates whether the cancer has spread to other distant parts of the body. 
• PSA level: This assesses the risk of cancer spreading, with higher levels suggesting greater risk. 
• Grade Group (Gleason score): This is based on biopsy results and determines how quickly the cancer may grow or spread. 

Based on these five factors, the table below shows the stage of prostate cancer, where the cancer is located, the TNM basics, and its category^5,8. 

Staging of prostate cancer is important because it shows how far the cancer has spread and how the patient is likely to recover over time. It also helps doctors choose the best treatment plan for managing the disease⁸. 

Is Prostate Cancer Curable?

Prostate cancer can often be cured especially when detected early. The treatment for prostate cancer depends on which stage the cancer is in and the overall health of the person. The type of treatment given also plays an important role in how long a patient can survive after treatment. 

The average five-year survival rate of prostate cancer, that is the percentage of patients who are likely to survive the effects of cancer until or after 5 years of diagnosis, is about 97%. This also depends on the stage upon diagnosis. Most prostate cancers (about 69%) are found when the cancer is still inside the prostate. At this stage, nearly everyone (100 out of 100) lives at least 5 years after diagnosis. If the cancer has spread to nearby areas, the chances are still very good (also 100 out of 100). But if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, the chances go down, with about 38 out of 100 individuals living 5 years or more^9,10. 

Treatment Options Based on Stage

Based on the stage of prostate cancer, the treatment is planned by the doctor. For stages 1 to 3, the doctor classifies them into risk groups. Cancers in low-risk groups are less likely to grow or spread than those in high-risk groups. Other factors like age, general health, and life expectancy are also considered when choosing treatment. 

1. Stage 1 and 2 (Localised)

The low-risk groups do not always need treatment, as the cancer is less likely to grow or spread. Doctors often suggest active surveillance, which means having regular check-ups and tests to keep an eye on the cancer.  

In those groups where there is a slight chance that cancer can grow or spread faster, the prostate cancer treatment options include: 

• Surgery (radical prostatectomy, sometimes with removal of nearby lymph nodes) 
• Radiation therapy (external beam or brachytherapy) 
• Focal therapy: freezing the tumour (cryotherapy) or destroying it with focused ultrasound (HIFU); used only in special cases and not usually the first choice 

If surgery shows aggressive features, follow-up radiation therapy may be advised and hormone therapy if needed.  

2. Stage 3 (Locally advanced)

If prostate cancer is more aggressive and has a higher chance of growing and spreading quickly, treatment options often include: 

• Radiation therapy (external beam, sometimes with brachytherapy) given along with hormone therapy for 1–3 years.  
• Surgery (radical prostatectomy) with removal of nearby lymph nodes. 
• Hormone therapy to stop the body from producing testosterone. This can be medical (androgen deprivation therapy, LHRH agonists and anti-androgens) or surgical (orchiectomy- removal of testicles).  

If surgery shows the cancer is aggressive, doctors might recommend follow-up radiation to the area where the prostate used to be, possibly with hormone therapy. 

3. Stage 4 (Advanced stage)

If cancer spreads to nearby lymph nodes but not to distant organs, radiation is given along with hormone therapy, if needed. Surgery of the prostate and lymph nodes may also be an option. 

If the cancer has spread to distant organs, treatment options include: 

• Chemotherapy with drugs like docetaxel (first line) or mitoxantrone along with steroids (prednisolone) 
• Drugs like bisphosphonates if cancer spreads to bones 
• For very high-risk cancers, doctors may add newer hormone drugs like abiraterone. 

Other treatments to help manage symptoms like bone pain include external radiation, sometimes in a precise form called stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Bone-strengthening medicine like denosumab or zoledronic acid may help, and radioactive drugs such as radium-223, strontium-89, or samarium-153 can also be used. 

If the cancer comes back or keeps growing, treatments like immunotherapy, targeted drugs, chemotherapy, or more hormone therapy may be given as the doctor advises^5,11. 

There are some side effects from prostate cancer treatment, based on the type of treatment used that can include the following: 

• Surgery: It may cause urine leaks, trouble getting or keeping an erection, bleeding from the bottom, blood clots, lung problems, and infections. 
• Radiation: Some may experience trouble with erections, pain or irritation near the bottom, diarrhoea, and bladder problems like burning, blood in pee, or leaks. 
• Hormone Therapy: It can lower male hormones and cause weak erections, less interest in sex, muscle loss, weight gain, weak bones, hot flashes, sweating, and breast swelling. Sometimes, it can also affect blood sugar and fats⁵. 

If you have side effects from prostate cancer treatment, talk to your doctor who will guide you on how to manage them. 

How to Avoid or Lower Your Risk?

You can lower the risks of getting prostate cancer by making a few lifestyle changes which include: 

• Maintain healthy weight and stay active: There is a high risk of getting advanced prostate cancer for men with increased body weight. Therefore, maintaining a healthy weight is important. It’s good to indulge in physical activity regularly. 
• Eat healthy diet: Eating a lot of colourful fruits and vegetables can provide vitamins and antioxidants that protect your cells. Whole grains are much better than processed food. Try to limit eating red meats like beef or processed meats like sausages and bacon, as these can increase the risk of cancer. Don’t consume excessive sugary drinks and junk food as it can lead to weight gain and increase the risk. 
• Limit calcium intake: Too much calcium from supplements or diet may increase prostate cancer risk. For those with high risk, it is better to avoid high doses unless your doctor has advised it¹². 
• Quit smoking: Cigarette smoke contains many harmful chemicals which can cause different types of cancer including prostate cancer. Therefore, it is advised to stop smoking to lower the risk¹³. 
• Get regular screening: Men above age 50 or those with family history of prostate cancer should get regular screening. PSA test is commonly used for screening. High PSA levels don’t always mean cancer, but your doctor will do further evaluation to confirm^7,14. 
• Supplements: Folic acid-rich food such as green vegetables, beans and orange juice may lower risk of prostate cancer, but high-dose folic acid supplement may not help. Lycopene and soy protein may show benefit to reduce risk, although further studies are needed^12,15.  

Apart from these lifestyle changes, some medicines like finasteride and dutasteride may help lower prostate cancer risk by blocking hormones that make the prostate grow. But you must only take these if advised by your doctor¹². 

When to See a Doctor

Any man aged about 50 years or above needs to talk to a doctor about getting a prostate cancer screening test to check prostate health. You need to see a doctor if you have any of these prostate cancer symptoms, including^14,16: 

• Need to urinate often at night 
• Weak urine flow 
• Difficulty starting to urinate 
• Sudden strong urge to urinate 
• Trouble emptying the bladder fully 
• Pain or burning while urinating 
• Blood in urine or semen 
• Pain in the lower back or hips 
• Unexplained weight loss 

Conclusion

Prostate cancer is common in men over fifty but catching it early with regular screenings makes it easier to treat and manage well. You can also lower your risk by living healthy, staying active, eating right, quitting smoking, and getting regular prostate check-ups. Knowing the early signs and getting prompt medical attention can make a huge difference in its preventing spread and enhancing treatment outcome. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. National Cancer Institute. Understanding Prostate Changes [Internet]. National Cancer Institute. Cancer.gov; 2019. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/understanding-prostate-changes 
2. Cancer Council. Prostate cancer [Internet]. www.cancer.org.au. 2023. Available from: https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/prostate-cancer 
3. R B, Khilwani B, Kour B, Shukla N, Aradhya R, Sharma D, et al. Prostate cancer in India: Current perspectives and the way forward. Journal of Reproductive Healthcare and Medicine [Internet]. 2023 Oct 19;4. Available from: https://jrhm.org/prostate-cancer-in-india-current-perspectives-and-the-way-forward/ 
4. Gov.uk. PSA testing and prostate cancer: advice for men without symptoms of prostate disease aged 50 and over [Internet]. GOV.UK. 2024. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prostate-specific-antigen-testing-description-in-brief/psa-testing-and-prostate-cancer-advice-for-men-without-symptoms-of-prostate-disease-aged-50-and-over 
5. Prostate Cancer –  ICMR – National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research [Internet]. Cancerindia.org.in. 2020 [cited 2025 Aug 11]. Available from: https://cancerindia.org.in/prostate-cancer/#1716181286354-3ceb9a33-8a3f 
6. Nouri-Majd S, Salari-Moghaddam A, Aminianfar A, Larijani B, et al. Association between red and processed meat consumption and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr. 2022;9:801722. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358413823_Association_Between_Red_and_Processed_Meat_Consumption_and_Risk_of_Prostate_Cancer_A_Systematic_Review_and_Meta-Analysis 
7. Medline Plus. Prostate Cancer [Internet]. Medlineplus.gov. National Library of Medicine; 2019. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/prostatecancer.html 
8. American Cancer Society. Prostate Cancer Stages [Internet]. www.cancer.org. 2023. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html 
9. National Cancer Institute. Cancer of the Prostate – Cancer Stat Facts [Internet]. SEER. 2018. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html 
10. Survival Rates for Prostate Cancer [Internet]. www.cancer.org. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html 
11. Initial Treatment of Prostate Cancer, by Stage and Risk Group [Internet]. www.cancer.org. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/treating/by-stage.html 
12. American Cancer Society. Can Prostate Cancer Be Prevented? [Internet]. www.cancer.org. 2023. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html 
13. Huncharek M, Haddock KS, Reid R, Kupelnick B. Smoking as a Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 24 Prospective Cohort Studies. American Journal of Public Health. 2010 Apr;100(4):693–701. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2836346/ 
14. FACTS ABOUT PROSTATE CANCER [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 11]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/prostate-cancer/media/pdf/prostate-cancer-fact-sheet-general-508.pdf 
15. Prostate Cancer [Internet]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2025 [cited 2025 Aug 11]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/health-education-resources/prostate-cancer 
16. Bleyer A, Spreafico F, Barr R. Prostate cancer in young men: An emerging young adult and older adolescent challenge. Cancer [Internet]. 2019;10.1002/cncr.32498. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31553489 
17. Van EL, McKinley MA, Washington SL, Cooperberg MR, Kenfield SA, Cheng I, et al. Trends in Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates. JAMA Network Open [Internet]. 2025 Jan 27;8(1):e2456825–5. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2829547 
18. Moreira DM, Howard LE, Sourbeer KN, Amarasekara HS, Chow LC, Cockrell DC, et al. Predictors of Time to Metastasis in Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Urology [Internet]. 2016 Jun 22 [cited 2025 Jun 14];96:171–6. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5536963/ 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Introduction

Cervical cancer remains a major public health challenge, ranking as the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide¹. In India, it is the second most common cancer in women. By 2025, the burden of this cancer in India projected to reach 1.5 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), a measure that combines years of life lost due to premature death and years lived with illness or disability².  

This highlights the urgent need for action. Therefore, understanding what is cervical cancer, along with adopting preventive measures, ensuring early detection, and providing effective treatment, is essential for reducing its impact on women’s health. 

Understanding the Cervix

The cervix is the narrow, lower portion of the uterus (womb) that connects it to the vagina (birth canal). It allows fluids (like menstrual blood and mucus) to flow from the uterus into the vagina, and it also widens during childbirth to allow the baby to pass through³. 

The cervix has two main parts³: 

• Ectocervix: The outer part that can be seen during a pelvic exam. 
• Endocervix: The inner part that forms a canal linking the vagina to the uterus. 

The junction/zone where these two parts of the cervix meet is called the squamocolumnar junction (or transformation zone). This is where the thin, flat squamous cells are found, and where most abnormal cell changes and cervical cancers originate. 

What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer starts in the cells of the cervix. It usually develops slowly over time. Before cancer forms, the cells in the cervix may undergo changes (dysplasia) and abnormal cells appear in the cervical tissue³. 

If these abnormal cells are not detected and treated, these abnormal changes may turn into cancer and grow deeper into the cervix or spread to nearby areas³. 

HPV and Cervical Cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer. It is a common sexually transmitted infection that can affect the skin, genital area, and throat. Certain high-risk types of HPV strains (such as HPV 16 and HPV 18) are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide^4,5. 

These viruses can infect the cells of the cervix and cause changes in their DNA. Over time, if the infection does not clear on its own or is left undetected, these changes can lead to dysplasia, which may eventually turn into cancer⁴.  

However, it is important to note that HPV infections are extremely common, often transient, and only persistent infections with high-risk subtypes can lead to cancers. Presence of cofactors like smoking and poor immunity increase the progression risk. 

Also Read: Human Papillomavirus (HPV): What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention 

Cervical Cancer Symptoms

In the early cervical cancer stages, cancer often develops without any noticeable symptoms. This makes it difficult to detect early. Symptoms typically appear only after the cancer has started to spread. Possible early-stage cervical cancer symptoms may include⁶: 

• Pelvic pain (especially in the lower abdomen) 
• Pain during sexual intercourse 
• Bleeding (vaginal) between periods or unusually heavy/extended periods 
• Bleeding (vaginal) after sexual intercourse or menopause 
• Watery vaginal discharge (accompanied by a strong odour or blood) 
• Postcoital bleeding (bleeding after intercourse) is sometimes the first and the only sign 

When cervical cancer becomes advanced (spreading beyond the cervix), symptoms can include those listed above, along with⁶: 

• Constant fatigue 
• Persistent dull backache or abdominal pain 
• Swelling in the legs 
• Painful or difficult bowel movements, or rectal bleeding during bowel movements 
• Painful or difficult urination 
• Blood in the urine 
• Foul smelling discharge 

Note: It is important to remember that these symptoms can be caused by conditions other than cervical cancer. However, the only way to know for sure is to consult a doctor.  

Cervical Cancer Causes

As discussed earlier, the main cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV¹. 

Almost all sexually active individuals may get HPV at some point (often without symptoms), and in most cases, the immune system clears the virus naturally. However, if the infection with a high-risk HPV type does not go away or is left unaddressed (for around 10 to 15 years), it can cause abnormal cell changes in the cervix that may eventually develop into cervical cancer¹. 

Cervical Cancer Risk Factors

Risk factors that increase the chance of developing cervical cancer include⁴: 

• Infection with high-risk HPV types (e.g., HPV 16 and 18) 
• Smoking 
• Early age of first sexual intercourse 
• Multiple sexual partners 
• High number of births or high parity (due to increased risk of HPV exposure or hormonal/immune influences) 
• Long-term use of hormonal contraceptives 
• Weakened immune system (e.g., HIV infection) 
• Co-infection with other sexually transmitted infections (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis or herpes simplex virus) 

Types of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancers are classified based on the type of cell where the cancer begins. The main types include: 

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The most common type, accounting for up to 90% of cervical cancer cases. It develops from the squamous cells found in the ectocervix³. 
• Adenocarcinoma: This type develops in the glandular cells of the endocervix³. 
• Clear cell carcinoma or mesonephroma: A rare subtype of cervical adenocarcinoma, characterised by abundant clear, glycogen-rich cytoplasm and distinct cell membranes^3,7. 
• Mixed Carcinoma (Adenosquamous Carcinoma): This type contains features of both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma and although rare, it is usually more aggressive³. 

Note: Very rarely, cervical cancer can even start in other cell types within the cervix³. 

Cervical Cancer Stages

Cervical cancer staging describes how far the cancer has grown or spread. Stages include⁸: 

• Stage I: Cancer is confined only to the cervix. 
• Stage II: Cancer has spread beyond the cervix to the upper two-thirds of the vagina or surrounding tissue, but not to the pelvic wall. 
• Stage III: Cancer involves the lower third of the vagina, pelvic wall, causes kidney issues, and/or has spread to lymph nodes. 
• Stage IV: Cancer has spread beyond the pelvis or to nearby organs like the bladder or rectum, or distant organs. 

Note: The staging now incorporates imaging and pathology findings also. 

Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer

If symptoms suggest cervical cancer, further tests are done to confirm the diagnosis. The process often starts with a colposcopy, where the cervix is examined using a magnifying device after applying acetic acid and Lugol’s iodine solution to highlight abnormal areas. If suspicious areas are seen, a biopsy is performed to collect tissue for examination under a microscope. These tests are a crucial part of visual screening in resource-limited areas. 

Types of biopsy procedures include⁹: 

• Punch biopsy: Removes small tissue samples from the cervix. 
• Endocervical curettage: Scrapes cells from the cervical canal. 
• Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP): Utilises a thin wire (with an electrical current) to remove tissue. It can also treat early changes. 
• Cone biopsy (conisation): Surgically removes a cone-shaped section of tissue from the cervix, often under general anaesthesia. 

If cervical cancer is confirmed, you will be referred to a gynaecologic oncologist (a specialist in staging and treating cancers of the female reproductive system). They will order tests to determine the stage of the cancer, whether it is confined to the cervix or has spread to other parts of the body. 

Note: Excisional biopsy (biopsy where the entire suspicious tissue is removed) can be both diagnostic or therapeutic in very early stages. 

Other tests may include⁹: 

• Imaging tests: PET-CT scan, MRI, ultrasound, or chest X-ray to locate tumours and detect spread. 
• Lab tests: Complete blood count and blood chemistry studies to assess overall health and organ function. 
• Visual examinations: Cystoscopy (to check the bladder) and sigmoidoscopy (to check the rectum and lower colon). 

Cervical Cancer Treatment

Cervical cancer treatment depends on the stage of the disease, overall health, and personal preferences. Most patients receive a combination of therapies to remove or destroy cancer cells and prevent recurrence. Common treatments include¹⁰: 

• Radiation therapy: Kills cancer cells using high-energy rays. It can be external (known as external beam radiation) or internal (known as brachytherapy). 
• Chemotherapy: Kills or stops cancer cells from dividing. It is often combined with radiation in advanced cervical cancer stages. Some common drugs include: 
  • Carboplatin 
  • Cisplatin 
  • Ifosfamide 
  • Gemcitabine 
  • Irinotecan 
  • Topotecan 
  • Paclitaxel
  • Vinorelbine 
• Targeted therapy: Blocks specific molecules that cancer cells need to grow. Some common drugs include: 
  • Bevacizumab 
  • Tisotumab Vedotin 
• Immunotherapy: Boosts the immune system to attack cancer cells. Example includes: 
  • Pembrolizumab 
• Surgery: Removes cancerous tissue. Options include: 
  • Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: Removal of the first lymph node(s) that cancer is most likely to spread to, to check for cancer cells. 
  • Conisation (Cone Biopsy): Surgical removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix containing abnormal or cancerous tissue. 
  • Radical Trachelectomy (Fertility-Sparing): Removes the cervix and surrounding tissues but preserves the uterus to allow future pregnancy. This along with pelvic lymph node assessment is a valid option for selected early-stage cases. 
  • Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy: Removal of both fallopian tubes and ovaries. 
  • Hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus. 
    • Total Hysterectomy: Removes the uterus and cervix. 
    • Radical Hysterectomy: Removes the uterus, cervix, upper vagina, and a wide area of surrounding tissues, often including pelvic lymph nodes. 
    • Modified Radical Hysterectomy: Removes the uterus, cervix, part of the vagina, and surrounding tissues, but less extensively than a radical hysterectomy. 
  • Total Pelvic Exenteration: Removal of the uterus, cervix, vagina, bladder, rectum, and part of the colon in advanced cancer cases. 

Note: A treatment plan is tailored to each patient and may also consider fertility preservation, pregnancy, and follow-up care. It is therefore essential to discuss all available options with your doctor. 

Side Effects of Cancer Treatment

Cervical cancer treatment (such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or surgery) can cause a range of side effects. These may vary depending on the type, stage of cancer, and individual response to treatment. 

 Common side effects include¹¹: 

• Fatigue 
• Nausea and vomiting 
• Loss of appetite 
• Diarrhoea or constipation 
• Skin changes (especially in areas exposed to radiation) 
• Hair loss (mainly with certain chemotherapy drugs) 
• Vaginal dryness or narrowing 
• Decrease in sexual drive 

Other than these, with radiation treatment, premature ovarian failure and early menopause may occur in premenopausal women. Also, after radical hysterectomy, possible bladder dysfunction can happen due to autonomic nerve damage. 

Complications of Cervical Cancer

In advanced stages, cervical cancer and its treatments may lead to several serious complications, similar to those seen in other cancers. These may include⁴: 

• Chronic pain 
• Hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidneys) 
• Lymphedema (swelling in the legs) 
• Fistulas (abnormal openings between organs) 
• Bleeding disorders 
• Renal failure  
• Infertility  

Besides the above-mentioned, there are concerns which impact quality-of-life such as sexual dysfunction, psychological effect and body image issues and unfortunately these are often under-addressed. 

Can Cervical Cancer be Cured Completely?

Cervical cancer can often be cured if it is detected and treated in its early stages¹.  

Recognising cervical cancer causes and obtaining an early diagnosis through regular screening, such as Pap smears and HPV testing, could greatly improve the chances of cure⁴. Additionally, when caught early, treatments like surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination of radiation and chemotherapy can be highly effective. However, the likelihood of a cure may decrease if the cancer is diagnosed at an advanced stage, as it may have spread to other parts of the body. 

Therefore, regular screening, HPV vaccination, and prompt treatment of precancerous changes are advised for improving long-term survival rates. 

Living With Cervical Cancer

Living with cervical cancer can be physically and emotionally challenging, but with the right support, care, and mindset, many women are able to maintain a good quality of life during and after treatment. Coping strategies may include: 

• Eating small, frequent, nutrient-rich meals and drinking plenty of fluids. 
• Getting adequate rest while staying moderately active to fight fatigue. 
• Protecting sensitive skin from the sun¹². 
• Joining support groups, talking to a counsellor, or leaning on friends and family. 
• Discussing any intimacy-related concerns with your doctor for advice and solutions. 
• Attending all scheduled follow-up tests and appointments for monitoring and managing side effects¹⁰. 

Always keep in mind that managing side effects is an important part of treatment, and your doctor can provide medications, therapies, and lifestyle guidance to help you cope effectively. 

Also Read: Cervical Cancer Vaccine: Benefits, Age Limit & Side Effects

Cervical Cancer Prevention Strategies

Prevention tips focus on reducing cervical cancer risk factors, protecting against HPV infection, and ensuring early detection through regular screening. Some proactive steps include: 

• Get vaccinated against HPV: The HPV vaccine protects against high-risk HPV strains (especially HPV 16 and 18). It is most effective when given before becoming sexually active (9-14 years) but can be given up to 26 years. In India, the bivalent (Cervarix), quadrivalent (Gardasil), and nonavalent (Gardasil 9) vaccines are available¹³. 
• Attend regular screening tests: Pap smears and HPV tests help detect abnormal cervical changes early, when they could be treated before turning into cancer. According to latest WHO recommendations¹³, HPV DNA testing should be done every 5–10 years for women aged 30–49, or Pap smear every 3 years where HPV testing isn’t available¹⁴. 
• Practice safe sex: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of HPV transmission¹³. 
• Avoid smoking: Smoking weakens the immune system and increases the risk of cervical and other cancers¹. 

When to See a Doctor

You should seek medical attention promptly if you notice any signs or symptoms that could indicate cervical cancer. These may include⁶: 

• Unusual vaginal bleeding (between periods, after sex, or after menopause) 
• Persistent pelvic pain or discomfort 
• Unexplained vaginal discharge, especially if foul-smelling or blood-stained 
• Pain during sexual intercourse 
• Changes in menstrual patterns that are unusual for you 

Note: Even if your symptoms seem mild, early evaluation can help detect problems sooner and improve treatment outcomes. Additionally, regular gynaecological check-ups and screenings are equally important, even if you have no cervical cancer symptoms. 

Also Read: Blood Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Stages & Treatment Options

Conclusion

Cervical cancer can often be prevented and is highly treatable if found early.  

Regular screening, HPV vaccination, and adopting healthy lifestyle habits can greatly reduce the risk of developing the disease. Additionally, early detection enables timely treatment, which improves the chances of a complete cure and helps maintain a good quality of life. Therefore, by staying aware of cervical cancer symptoms, attending routine checkups, and following cervical cancer prevention measures, individuals can take proactive steps to protect themselves. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. World Health Organization. Cervical cancer [Internet]. WHO; [cited 2025 Aug 09]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer 
2. Ramamoorthy T, Kulothungan V, Sathishkumar K, et al. Burden of cervical cancer in India: estimates of years of life lost, years lived with disability and disability adjusted life years at national and subnational levels using the National Cancer Registry Programme data. Reprod Health. 2024;21:111. Available from: https://rdcu.be/ezV6c 
3. National Cancer Institute. What is cervical cancer? [Internet]. Cancer.gov; [cited 2025 Aug 09]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical 
4. Fowler JR, Maani EV, Dunton CJ, et al. Cervical Cancer. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; [cited 2025 Aug 09]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431093/ 
5. Ahmed HG, Bensumaidea SH, Alshammari FD, Alenazi FSH, ALmutlaq BA, Alturkstani MZ, Aladani IA. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus subtypes 16 and 18 among Yemeni Patients with Cervical Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017 Jun 25;18(6):1543-1548. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6373819/ 
6. National Cancer Institute. Cervical Cancer Symptoms [Internet]. Cancer.gov; [cited 2025 Aug 09]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/symptoms 
7. Cue L, Martingano DJ, Mahdy H. Clear cell carcinoma of the cervix. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls; [Publishing cited 2025 Aug 09]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546591/ 
8. National Cancer Institute. Cervical Cancer Stages [Internet]. Cancer.gov; [cited 2025 Aug 09]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/stages 
9. National Cancer Institute. Cervical Cancer Diagnosis [Internet]. Cancer.gov; [cited 2025 Aug 09]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/diagnosis 
10. National Cancer Institute. Cervical Cancer Treatment [Internet]. Cancer.gov; [cited 2025 Aug 09]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment 
11. Palagudi M, Para S, Golla N, Meduri KC, Duvvuri SP, Vityala Y, Sajja DC, Damineni U. Adverse Effects of Cancer Treatment in Patients With Cervical Cancer. Cureus. 2024 Feb 13;16(2):e54106. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10938271/ 
12. World Health Organization. Self Care for Health [Internet]. WHO; [cited 2025 Aug 09]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/205887/B5084.pdf 
13. National Cancer Institute. Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention [Internet]. Cancer.gov; [cited 2025 Aug 09]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention 
14. World Health Organisation. HPV and cervical cancer: What you need to know. [Internet]. WHO; [cited 2025 Aug 09]. Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/librariesprovider2/euro-health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization/hpv-factsheet-2023.pdf?sfvrsn=fa98e9f8_2&download=true#:~:text=WHO%20therefore%20recommends%20screening%20for%20vaccinated%20and,screening%20test%2C%20until%2049%20years%20of%20age.  
15. Hajiesmaeil M, Mirzaei Dahka S, Khorrami R, Rastgoo S, Bourbour F, Davoodi SH, Shafiee F, Gholamalizadeh M, Torki SA, Akbari ME, Doaei S. Intake of food groups and cervical cancer in women at risk for cervical cancer: A nested case-control study. Caspian J Intern Med. 2022 Summer;13(3):599-606. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9348217/ 
16. Maruthur NM, Bolen SD, Brancati FL, Clark JM. The association of obesity and cervical cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Feb;17(2):375-81. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3008358/ 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Introduction

Cervical cancer can develop as a result of a sexually transmitted infection with specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Although not all cervical cancers are HPV-related, this is usually is a common cause¹. HPV is a group of over 200 related viruses, some of which can be transmitted via sexual contact (vaginal, anal, or oral). Among these, certain types are classified as high-risk, with HPV 16 and HPV 18 responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases^1,2. 

Most sexually active individuals will be exposed to HPV at some point, often without knowing it as these infections usually resolve without causing symptoms. However, if high-risk HPV infections are left untreated for a long period, they can lead to cervical cancer^1,2.  

The vaccine to prevent cervical cancer (HPV vaccine) provides safe and effective protection, particularly against HPV 16 and HPV 18. It can significantly lower the risk of developing cervical cancer, making it a key strategy in prevention efforts. Therefore, through this article, we aim to cover everything you need to know about the cervical cancer vaccine, including its benefits, recommended age limits, and possible side effects, to help you make informed and confident health decisions. 

What is the Cervical Cancer Vaccine?

The HPV vaccine is a vaccine to prevent cervical cancer. It is specifically designed to protect against the most common cancer-causing types of HPV².  

Certain cervical cancer (HPV) vaccines provide protection against both high-risk types, which cause the majority of HPV-related cancers, and low-risk types, which are responsible for most cases of genital warts, while others target only the high-risk types². The specific vaccines will be discussed in later sections². 

Why is the Cervical Cancer Vaccine Important?

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends routine cervical cancer (HPV) vaccination^2,3. 

The cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine plays a crucial role in preventing cervical cancer, most genital warts, and several other HPV-related cancers (such as anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal). It can protect against up to 90% of cancers caused by HPV infection and significantly reduce the occurrence of genital warts². 

How Does the Cervical Cancer Vaccine Work?

The cervical cancer vaccine works by training the immune system to recognise and block HPV before it can cause infection. It does so by stimulating the body to produce antibodies that, upon future exposure, bind to HPV and prevent it from entering healthy cells. The immune memory from HPV vaccination is exceptionally strong, often producing higher antibody titers than natural infection. 

Current cervical cancer (HPV) vaccines are composed of non-infectious virus-like particles produced in cell cultures that contain HPV surface proteins. These particles are highly immunogenic, meaning they trigger strong antibody responses, which makes the vaccines highly effective. 

It is essential to understand that the virus-like particles present in the vaccine contain no viral DNA, and therefore, they cannot cause infection; however, they closely resemble the natural virus. This similarity enables the immune system to produce antibodies that also target the real virus⁴.  

Note: The vaccine to prevent cervical cancer (HPV vaccine) does not prevent other sexually transmitted infections and cannot treat existing HPV infections or diseases caused by HPV⁴. 

Types of Cervical Cancer Vaccines

Several types of cervical cancer (HPV) vaccines have been developed to protect against infection and reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers. Commonly available types include⁵: 

• Gardasil 9 (9vHPV): Gardasil 9 is the only HPV vaccine that protects against nine HPV types: 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. This includes seven high-risk types responsible for most HPV-related cancers and two low-risk types that cause the majority of genital warts. 
• Other cervical cancer (HPV) Vaccines: Two other vaccines are also available: 
• Gardasil (4vHPV): Quadrivalent vaccine protecting against four HPV types: 6, 11, 16, and 18. 
• Cervarix (2vHPV): Bivalent vaccine protecting against 2 HPV types: 16 and 18 (not used in all countries now but some still have it) 
• Cervavac: Quadrivalent vaccine against serotypes 6, 11, 16 and 18 produced in India⁶  

Note: All cervical cancer (HPV) vaccines provide protection against HPV types 16 and 18, the leading causes of HPV-related cancers worldwide. 

Who Should Get Vaccinated?

The cervical cancer vaccine age limit is designed to target individuals before they become sexually active; however, vaccination can still be beneficial if given at older ages. The CDC recommends the following³: 

• Routine vaccination 
• Recommended at ages 11 to 12 (can start as early as age 9). 
• Given as two or three doses, depending on the age at the first dose. 
• Catch-up vaccination 
• Recommended for all individuals through age 26 if not adequately vaccinated when younger. 
• For Adults aged 27 to 45 years 
• Not routinely recommended for everyone. 
• May be considered after discussion with a doctor, especially for those most likely to benefit.   
• Overall benefit may be smaller because many adults in this age group have already been exposed to HPV. 
• Shared clinical decision-making is key because the protection is smaller but can still help in some cases. 

Note: Immunocompromised individuals (HIV-positive, transplant recipients) should get the 3-dose schedule regardless of age at initiation⁷. 

Who Should Not Get the Cervical Cancer Vaccine?

Cervical cancer (HPV) vaccines are safe and effective for most people, but there are certain situations in which vaccination should be avoided or delayed. Do not get the cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine if you⁵: 

• Have ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to a previous dose of HPV vaccine or any of its ingredients. 
• Have a yeast allergy (Gardasil and Gardasil 9 are produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or baker’s yeast).  

Mild allergies to food, pollen, or medications are not a contraindication unless specifically to vaccine components. 

The following precautions should be taken while getting the cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine⁵: 

• People with a moderate or severe acute illness should wait until they recover before getting vaccinated. 

Note: A minor illness (such as a mild cold, cough, runny nose, diarrhoea, or fever under 101°F) is not a reason to delay vaccination. 

Pregnancy-related guidance³: 

• Cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy, but pregnancy testing before vaccination is not necessary. 
• If a woman starts the vaccine series and later learns she is pregnant, remaining doses should be postponed until after pregnancy. 
• Accidental vaccination during pregnancy is not known to cause harm to the mother or foetus, yet it is ideal to postpone until postpartum for safety. 

Benefits of the Cervical Cancer Vaccine

The cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine offers powerful, long-lasting protection against infections that can lead to cancer.  

Key benefits of the cervical cancer vaccine include^8,9: 

• Prevents multiple cancers: Protects against HPV types that cause cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers in women; penile cancer in men; anal cancer; and oropharyngeal cancers in both sexes. 
• Reduces HPV-related diseases: Since its introduction in the U.S., HPV infections, genital warts, and cervical pre-cancers have dropped dramatically, with infections from the most harmful HPV types decreasing by 88% among teen girls and 81% among young women. 
• Lowers disease burden: Unvaccinated populations also benefit when coverage is high. This is because when the incidence of infection reduces, the chances of its transmission are also less. This provides indirect protection to individuals who are not vaccinated, known as herd immunity. 
• Provides long-term protection: Vaccination before exposure to HPV provides the best immune response and lifelong protection. 
• Strong safety record: Over 135 million doses have been distributed in the U.S., with more than 15 years of safety monitoring confirming it is safe and effective. 

When and How to Get Vaccinated

The cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine dosing schedule depends on age at the start of the series and immune status³: 

Two-dose schedule: For those starting before 15 years of age. 

• The next (second) dose is given 6 to 12 months after the first one. 

Note: If the two doses are given less than 5 months apart, a third dose will be needed. 

Three-dose schedule: For those starting at ages 15 to 26 years or for immunocompromised individuals (including people with HIV) aged 9 to 26 years. 

• The next (second) dose is given 1 to 2 months after the first one. 
• The next (third) dose is given 6 months after the first. 

Is the Cervical Cancer Vaccine Safe?

Extensive scientific research by leading health organisations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the CDC confirms that cervical cancer (HPV) vaccines are very safe, with benefits far outweighing potential risks^1,3. 

Before approval, vaccines undergo rigorous testing; for example, Gardasil 9 was studied in over 15,000 males and females before receiving FDA licensure, and their safety continues to be monitored worldwide through robust surveillance systems³. 

However, like all medical interventions, cervical cancer (HPV) vaccines may also cause mild side effects, but serious adverse events are extremely rare^1,3. 

What are the Side Effects of the Cervical Cancer Vaccine?

The cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine is generally well tolerated. The most common side effects are mild, short-lasting reactions at the injection site, such as³: 

• Pain 
• Redness 
• Swelling  

Other possible cervical cancer vaccine side effects may include: 

• Mild fever 
• Nausea 
• Dizziness 
• Muscle aches 
• Fatigue 

Very rarely, serious events like anaphylaxis may occur. 

Note: Sometimes fainting (syncope) may occur after a vaccination due to anxiety; therefore, to reduce the risk of injury, adolescents should remain seated or lying down for 15 minutes afterwards. 

Is the Vaccine Effective Against All Types of HPV?

The cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine is not effective against all 200 types of HPV.  

It primarily protects against the high-risk strains most commonly linked to cervical cancer, such as HPV 16 and 18, which together cause about 70% of cases. Some newer vaccines also cover additional types, including HPV 6, 11, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, offering broader protection⁵. 

However, since it does not protect against all HPV strains, regular cervical screening remains essential even after vaccination. 

Will the Vaccine Protect You for Life?

The cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine provides long-lasting protection, with studies showing sustained effectiveness ranging from 8 years to up to 14 years for all the vaccine types^10,11.  

While the exact lifetime protection is still being studied, no booster doses are available yet. Current evidence indicates strong, durable immunity, and ongoing research will clarify its long-term benefits and the possible need for future booster doses. 

Can Boys and Men Get the HPV Vaccine?

The cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine is recommended for boys and men to protect against HPV-related diseases such as genital warts, anal cancer, penile cancer, and oropharyngeal cancers. It also helps reduce HPV transmission to female partners and lowers the overall burden of HPV-related disease². 

The cervical cancer vaccine for males is generally recommended starting at ages 9 to 12, with catch-up vaccination advised up to age 26. In some cases, the cervical cancer vaccine for males may be considered for ages 27 to 45 after discussing potential benefits with a doctor³. 

Also Read: Cervical Cancer: What is it, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

What to Expect After Vaccination

After receiving the cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine, you may experience mild, short-lived effects. Here are some simple tips to stay comfortable and safe¹²: 

• Monitor for common cervical cancer vaccine side effects like mild pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site. 
• Apply a cool compress to reduce soreness or swelling. 
• Avoid heavy exercise/strenuous activities for a few days. 
• Stay hydrated and get adequate rest. 
• Take pain relievers (after consulting a doctor) if you develop a mild fever or discomfort. 

Also Read: Breast Cancer: What It Is, Types, Early Signs, Treatment & Prevention

Why You Still Need Pap Smears and HPV Tests

Even if you have received the cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine, regular Pap smears and HPV tests are essential. This is especially important as the vaccine does not protect against all cancer-causing strains. Therefore, you should get routine cervical cancer screening tests (such as the Pap smear and HPV tests). As per WHO 2021 screening guidance, primary HPV DNA testing should be done every 5–10 years (age 30–49), or Pap smear every 3 years if HPV testing not available. 

These screening tests can detect cervical changes early, greatly reducing the risk of developing cervical cancer¹³. 

Also Read: Blood Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Stages & Treatment Options

Conclusion

Cervical cancer (HPV) vaccination is a powerful tool for the long-term prevention of cervical and other HPV-related cancers. It helps by protecting against the most common high-risk strains. Additionally, it also significantly reduces the risk of infection and future complications.  

Talk to your doctor to learn more and take the next step toward safeguarding your health with the cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. National Cancer Institute. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Fact Sheet [Internet]. National Cancer Institute; [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet 
2. National Cancer Institute. HPV and Cancer [Internet]. National Cancer Institute; [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer 
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HPV Vaccination Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) [Internet]. CDC; [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html 
4. National Cancer Institute. HPV Vaccine Types [Internet]. National Cancer Institute; [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet 
5. National Cancer Institute. HPV Vaccines Overview [Internet]. National Cancer Institute; [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet 
6. Ministry of Sciene and Technology. Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh announces India’s first indigenously developed vaccine, “CERVAVAC” for the prevention of cervical cancer [Internet]; [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1856034  
7. Garland SM, Brotherton JML, Moscicki AB, et al. HPV vaccination of immunocompromised hosts. Papillomavirus Res. 2017;4:35-38. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5883202/  
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reasons to Get HPV Vaccine [Internet]. CDC; [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/vaccines/reasons-to-get.html 
9. Chesson HW, Markowitz LE. Strong herd effects of human papillomavirus vaccination. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2025 Mar 5:jiaf121. Available from:  https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/232/2/e189/8052711?redirectedFrom=fulltext#google_vignette  
10. De Vincenzo R, Conte C, Ricci C, Scambia G, Capelli G. Long-term efficacy and safety of human papillomavirus vaccination. Int J Womens Health. 2014 Dec 3;6:999-1010. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4262378/ 
11. Kurosawa M, Sekine M, Yamaguchi M, Kudo R, Hanley SJB, Hara M, Adachi S, Ueda Y, Miyagi E, Ikeda S, Yagi A, Enomoto T. Long-Term Effects of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Clinical Trials and Real-World Data: A Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Feb 8;10(2):256. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8877934/ 
12. UNICEF India. COVID-19 dos and don’ts after vaccination [Internet]. UNICEF; [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/india/stories/covid-19-dos-and-donts-after-vaccination 
13. National Cancer Institute. Cervical cancer screening [Internet]. CDC; [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/screening 
14. MotherToBaby | Fact Sheets [Internet]. Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS); [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582527/ 
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HPV vaccine administration [Internet]. CDC; [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/administration.html 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Introduction

Did you know that leukaemia (a type of blood cancer) is the most common cancer diagnosed in children? It accounts for approximately 30.8% of all cancer cases in this age group¹. 

Blood cancer, also referred to as haematological cancer is defined as cancer originating in the blood-forming tissues such as the bone marrow, lymph nodes and other parts of the lymphatic system^1,2. Common types of blood cancer include leukaemia (cancer of the blood cells and bone marrow, characterised by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal or immature white blood cells), lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system), myeloma (cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow), and rare types of blood cancers such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs)^3,4. 

Early recognition of symptoms and diagnosis can help to improve your treatment outcomes and increase your chances of long-term survival⁵. 

What Are the Types of Blood Cancer?

Blood cancers can be classified into different types depending on the cells of the blood, bone marrow or lymphatic system affected. The blood cancer types include: 

1. Leukaemia

Leukaemia is a cancer that affects your blood cells. It begins in the bone marrow and affects the white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. In this condition, your bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal cells, especially white blood cells. Leukaemia can be classified into four types – acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Broadly, based on how quickly it develops, leukaemias can be classified into two types⁶: 

• Acute leukaemia: This type of leukaemia develops and progresses rapidly. Hence, prompt treatment is needed. 
• Chronic leukaemia: This type of leukaemia progresses slowly and the individual’s condition worsens over a longer period of time, if not treated. 

Based on the type of cells affected, leukaemia blood cancer types include⁶: 

• Myeloid leukaemia: The myeloid cells (immature cells that develop into granulocytes, monocytes, red blood cells or platelets) are affected. 
• Lymphoid leukaemia: Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are affected. 

2. Lymphoma

Lymphomas are cancers of the immune system that account for approximately 5% of all cancers. Lymphomas occur due to the abnormal growth and multiplication of lymphocytes at different stages of their maturation. Lymphomas can be classified as Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas⁷. 

• Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Defined by the presence of abnormal cells known as Reed Sternberg cells. In most cases, no causative agent has been detected, however, studies have shown many a link between Epstein Barr Virus and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (especially mixed cellularity subset and in immunosuppressed individuals). 
• Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: This is a heterogeneous group with several subtypes where there are no Reed Sternberg cells present. Each of these subtypes differ greatly in prognosis and treatment.  

3. Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer that causes the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in your bone marrow. These plasma cells are responsible for forming some of the proteins found in your blood. If not treated, the cancer can damage organs such as bones, kidneys, blood (anaemia), and immune system in your body. This can be summarised by CRAB criteria (high calcium levels [hypercalcaemia], renal [kidney] problems, anaemia [low red blood cell count], and bone pain)⁸.  

Rare Types of Blood Cancer

These include: 

• Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): This is a condition where the bone marrow doesn’t produce enough healthy blood cells. Often seen in older adults (above 65 years of age), this condition can cause symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. In some cases, MDS can progress to AML⁹. 
• Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs): Stem cells in the bone marrow can potentially develop into many types of blood cells. Sometimes, the body overproduces certain cells, causing disorders like MPNs. The four classical types of MPNs include essential thrombocythemia, CML, primary myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera (PV)¹⁰. 

Early Signs & Blood Cancer Symptoms

The early signs of blood cancer include¹¹: 

• A lump or swelling in the lymph tissues due to the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, causing swollen lymph nodes. This can be commonly noticed in your armpit, neck, or groin region. 
• Profuse night sweats that can soak clothes and sheets. 
• Infections that are persistent, severe and recur frequently. 
• Fatigue or tiredness that does not improve after sleeping or resting. 

Blood cancer symptoms include¹¹:  

• Unexplained weight loss. 
• Unexplained bleeding and bruising. 
• Shortness of breath or breathlessness. 
• Persistent or recurrent fever. Some blood cancers, such as lymphomas, may present with low-grade fevers or intermittent fever referred to as B symptoms⁷. 
• Itchiness is more common in Hodgkin’s lymphoma and certain leukaemias. While rashes may appear in leukaemias, they are not a universal sign¹². 
• Pain in the bones, abdomen or joints. 

If you are facing any of these signs and symptoms, it is recommended that you speak to your doctor and seek prompt medical care. 

What Causes Blood Cancer?

Blood cancer is believed to be caused due to damage to the DNA of a single haematopoietic stem (blood-forming cell) or progenitor cell. While this is sometimes triggered by one key event, it may also develop gradually through several genetic changes over time. These abnormal cells multiply and eventually collect in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system. This process interferes with the normal production and functioning of the normal healthy cells leading to anaemia, increased bleeding risk due to thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and an inability to fight infections¹. 

Although the exact causes of blood cancer remain unclear, many genetic and environmental risk factors are identified, which include^13,14: 

• Previous exposure to cancer treatments (chemotherapy) 
• Exposure to intense radiation 
• Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene 
• Family history of leukaemia 
• Exposure to certain viral infections, for example, Epstein Barr virus is linked to some lymphomas, while human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and certain subtypes of ALL^7,13,14. 
• Age and gender 
• Syndromes that have a genetic origin, such as Down syndrome and Fanconi syndrome. 

Understanding these risks is essential for the early detection of blood cancers. 

Is Blood Cancer Curable?

Although most blood cancers are not curable, some can be cured based on the stage and type of blood cancer¹⁵. 

• Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: Children with ALL show high cure rates, though certain individuals may present with a high risk of relapse¹⁶. 
• Chronic myeloid leukaemia: Treatment of CML with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may help to keep the condition under control for many years and is associated with a high survival rate. Advances with modern TKIs have made it possible for some patients to reach a deep level of remission, making it possible to stop treatment while still staying in long-term remission without medication¹⁷. 
• Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Aggressive forms of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma can be cured in more than 50% of cases with intensive chemotherapy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma often responds well to R-CHOP (chemotherapy regimen), but cure rates depend on the type and the patient’s overall health. Although slower-growing forms of the lymphoma respond well to treatment, (especially in the early stages), advanced stages may relapse despite good long-term survival. Studies¹⁸ have shown that modern therapy has improved 5-year survival rates to over 60%. 
• Multiple myeloma: Although multiple myeloma is considered an incurable disease, treatment with high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell support ensures that 3-10% of individuals with multiple myeloma remain free of active disease for more than 10 years after treatment¹⁹. 

Your treatment outcomes can vary depending on the stage of the disease, your age, your health conditions, and the response of cancer to treatment. 

Blood Cancer Stages and Classification

Staging is incorporated to help in the classification based on how much cancer is present in your body. The blood cancer stages include²⁰: 

• Leukaemias: Leukaemias usually do not use a defined staging method and most leukaemias are classified based on the disease subtype, severity and its effect on your body. However, ALL and AML use risk stratification systems (grouping patients by their risk level). CML uses a staging system (Rai, Binet, and CLL-IPI systems). These systems provide the staging based on lymph node involvement, organ enlargement, anaemia, and platelet levels²⁰. 
• Lymphomas: Both Hodgkin and most Non-Hodgkin lymphomas use the Ann Arbor staging system. It describes how far the cancer has spread ranging from stage I (single node region) to stage IV (widespread organ involvement), with A indicating the absence or B indicating presence of symptoms like persistent fevers, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats^21,22. 
• Multiple myeloma: Uses the International Staging System (ISS), and the Revised ISS (R-ISS), which relies on blood levels of β2-microglobulin, albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase and high-risk cytogenetics²³. 

Understanding staging and grading of blood cancers helps in the treatment planning and determining your prognosis. 

How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?

After a careful assessment of your symptoms, family history, and a physical examination, your doctor may suggest certain tests which will help in making an accurate diagnosis²⁴: 

• Blood Tests: These include: 
  • Complete blood count: This test helps to count the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your blood. 
  • Blood differential test: This test helps to check the amount of each type of white blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) present in your blood²⁵. 
• Biopsy: This is a definitive method of diagnosing blood cancer. Your doctor may suggest bone marrow biopsy or lymph node biopsy to accurately diagnose the type of cancer you have: 
  • Lymph node biopsy: If you present with swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may remove a part of the affected lymph tissue for examination. This method can be used to diagnose certain lymphomas without marrow involvement²⁶. 
  • Bone marrow biopsy: Involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow to check for blood cancer. Can be used to diagnose many leukaemias and myelomas¹⁴. 
• Peripheral blood flow cytometry: This test can help diagnose certain leukaemias, such as CLL, if many cancer cells are present in the blood. 
• Tumour marker tests: These tests help to check and measure the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer, for example, LDH can be used for lymphoma prognosis. These tests have a limited role in blood cancers⁷. 
• Imaging Tests: These tests are mainly done to assess the extent of your disease. They include: 
  • Nuclear scan: Uses a small amount of radioactive material or tracer to indicate how organs or tissues are functioning. 
  • PET-CT scan: Preferred imaging tool for lymphomas. It helps in the initial staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting potential recurrence²⁷.  
  • Ultrasound: Uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of organs and tissues without radiation. 
  • X-rays: Uses low-dose radiation to capture quick, simple images of bones and certain body structures. 
  • MRI: Rarely used. Uses a strong magnet and radio waves to produce detailed cross-sectional images that are sometimes enhanced with a contrast agent, for example, in cases of central nervous system involvement or spinal cord compression. 
  • Bone scan: Rarely used. This is a nuclear scan that detects any abnormal bone changes. 
• Immunophenotyping: Mainly done on blood or bone marrow samples, this test uses antibodies to identify cells based on the antigens or markers that are present on its surface. This test can be used for the identification and staging of leukaemias, lymphomas, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myeloproliferative disorders. 
• Cytogenetic Analysis (Karyotyping, FISH): Helps to detect chromosomal abnormalities, such as translocations and deletions, that are crucial for diagnosis. It also guides risk stratification (understanding a person’s risk level) and influences treatment decisions, such as eligibility for targeted therapies²⁸. 
• Molecular Testing (e.g., PCR for BCR-ABL and JAK2): Identifies specific gene mutations that confirm the diagnosis and enable targeted therapy selection²⁹. 

There are many subtypes of blood cancers, each requiring different treatment. The correct identification can directly impact your prognosis, treatment choice, and expected outcomes. 

Also Read: Cervical Cancer: What is it, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Blood Cancer Treatment Options

Blood cancer treatment depends on the type of blood cancer, its extent, and other factors such as the individual’s age and overall health. Treatment options typically include chemotherapy (medicine given through a vein to kill the cancer cells or slow their growth), radiation therapy (uses radiation to damage cancer cells to prevent their multiplication), targeted therapies (medications that are designed to act more specifically on cancer cells, though some may also affect healthy cells), immunotherapy (medications that boost your immunity so that your body can fight the cancer), and stem cell or bone marrow transplantation (involves placement of healthy stem cells after chemotherapy)¹⁴. 

• Leukemias (ALL, AML, CLL, CML) are often managed with combinations of chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and sometimes bone marrow transplantation¹⁴. 
• Lymphomas frequently use chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy⁷. 
• Multiple myeloma is treated with targeted drugs, immunomodulators, and, in eligible patients, transplant⁸.  

Newer blood cancer treatments include CAR-T cell therapy (indicated for cancers such as ALL, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, advanced B cell malignancies and relapsed or refractory leukaemias), antibody–drug conjugates (such as Gemtuzumab ozogamicin for AML), and menin inhibitors (mainly used for AML subtypes with specific genetic abnormalities), offering better treatment results for patients with resistant or relapsed disease^30,31. 

Also Read: ​​Prostate Cancer: Causes, Early Signs, Treatment Options & How to Lower Your Risk 

Can Cancer Spread From One Person to Another Through Blood?

Blood cancer cannot be transmitted from one person to another. In other words, blood cancers are not contagious. They cannot spread by sharing needles, meals, or close contact. Even if cancer cells enter your body, your immune system recognises these cells and destroys them as you have a healthy immune system, although in rare cases, they can evade detection. Transmission of cancer is also unlikely because cancer cells are fragile and do not survive well outside the body^32,33. While blood contact and sharing needles can lead to an increased risk of infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis, cancer cannot be transmitted from one person to another in this way^32,34. 

When to See a Doctor

You should see a doctor if your symptoms, such as unexplained fever, fatigue, night sweats, or swelling, persist for more than a few weeks. If routine tests show abnormal blood counts, or if you experience sudden weight loss, unexplained bleeding, or frequent infections, it is best to consult your doctor for prompt medical treatment^11,13. 

Also Read: Cervical Cancer Vaccine: Benefits, Age Limit & Side Effects

Conclusion

Blood cancers include leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, and rarer forms, each with distinct signs such as fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, night sweats, and unexplained bleeding. Early detection allows timely initiation of appropriate treatment like chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplant, improving cancer control and survival. Always consult your doctor for accurate diagnosis and prompt medical care. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. UPDATED DATA ON BLOOD CANCERS [Internet]. Available from: https://www.lls.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/PS80_FactsBook_2024.pdf 
2. National Cancer Institute. Definition of blood cancer [Internet]. www.cancer.gov. 2011. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/blood-cancer 
3. Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. Facts and Statistics [Internet]. Lls.org. 2024. Available from: https://www.lls.org/facts-and-statistics/facts-and-statistics-overview 
4. National Cancer Institute. Cancer Classification [Internet]. Cancer.gov. 2019.  Available from: https://training.seer.cancer.gov/disease/categories/classification.html 
5. National Cancer Plan. Detect Cancers Early [Internet]. nationalcancerplan.cancer.gov. 2023. Available from: https://nationalcancerplan.cancer.gov/goals/detect-cancers-early 
6. MedlinePlus. Leukemia [Internet]. Medlineplus.gov. National Library of Medicine; 2023. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/leukemia.html 
7. Jamil A, Mukkamalla SKR. Lymphoma [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/ 
8. Albagoush SA, Azevedo AM, Shumway C. Multiple Myeloma [Internet]. Nih.gov. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534764/ 
9. Dotson JL, Lebowicz Y. Myelodysplastic syndrome [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534126/ 
10. Thapa B, Rogers HJ. Myeloproliferative Neoplasms [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531464/ 
11. Blood Cancer UK. Blood cancer symptoms and signs [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/about-blood-cancer/blood-cancer-signs-symptoms/ 
12. Yosipovitch G. Chronic pruritus: a paraneoplastic sign. Dermatologic Therapy [Internet]. 2010 Nov [cited 2019 Nov 15];23(6):590–6. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3150589/ 
13. Chennamadhavuni A, Lyengar V, Mukkamalla SKR, Shimanovsky A. Leukemia [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560490/ 
14. Healthdirect Australia. Leukaemia [Internet]. www.healthdirect.gov.au. 2021. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/leukaemia 
15. Howell DA, McCaughan D, Smith AG, Patmore R, Roman E. Incurable but treatable: Understanding, uncertainty and impact in chronic blood cancers—A qualitative study from the UK’s Haematological Malignancy Research Network. Soundy A, editor. PLOS ONE [Internet]. 2022 Feb 10;17(2):e0263672.  Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8830712/ 
16. Bhojwani D, Howard SC, Pui CH. High-Risk Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clinical Lymphoma and Myeloma [Internet]. 2009 Sep;9:S222–30. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2814411/ 
17. Osman AEG, Deininger MW. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Modern therapies, current challenges and future directions. Blood Reviews [Internet]. 2021 Mar;49:100825.  Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8563059/ 
18. National Library of Medicine. Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version [Internet]. PubMed. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66057/ 
19. San-Miguel JF, Mateos MV . Can multiple myeloma become a curable disease? Haematologica [Internet]. 2011 Aug 31;96(9):1246–8. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3166092/ 
20. Leukemia & Lymphatic Society. Stages of Leukemia [Internet]. Lls.org. 2025. Available from: https://www.lls.org/blog/stages-leukemia-understanding-classification-and-progression 
21. National Cancer Institute. Lymphomas-Ann Arbor Staging – SEER Documentation [Internet]. SEER. 2018. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/seerstat/variables/seer/ajcc-stage/ann-arbor/ 
22. National Institutes of Health. Ann Arbor Staging Classification for Hodgkin Lymphoma [Internet]. Nih.gov. National Cancer Institute (US); 2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65726.23/table/CDR0000062933__557/?report=objectonly 
23. Palumbo A, Avet-Loiseau H, Oliva S, Lokhorst HM, Goldschmidt H, Rosinol L, et al. Revised International Staging System for Multiple Myeloma: A Report From International Myeloma Working Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology [Internet]. 2015 Sep 10;33(26):2863–9.  Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4846284/ 
24. National Cancer Institute. How Cancer Is Diagnosed [Internet]. Cancer.gov; 2023. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis 
25. Medline Plus. Blood Differential: MedlinePlus Lab Test Information [Internet]. Medlineplus.gov. 2022. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-differential/ 
26. MedlinePlus. Lymph node biopsy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [Internet]. medlineplus.gov. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003933.htm 
27. Kaur H, Palot Manzil FF. Nuclear Medicine PET/CT Lymphomas Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585116/ 
28. Ozkan E, Lacerda MP. Genetics, Cytogenetic Testing And Conventional Karyotype [Internet]. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563293/ 
29. Barcelos MM, Santos-Silva MC. Molecular approach to diagnose BCR/ABL negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia [Internet]. 201;33(4):290–6. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3415756/ 
30. An ZY, Zhang XH. Menin inhibitors for acute myeloid leukemia: latest updates from the 2023 ASH Annual Meeting. Journal of Hematology & Oncology [Internet]. 2024 Jul 19;17(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11264855/ 
31. Vishwasrao P, Li G, Boucher JC, Smith DL, Hui SK. Emerging CAR T Cell Strategies for the Treatment of AML. Cancers [Internet]. 2022 Feb 27;14(5):1241. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8909045/ 
32. National Cancer Institute. Common Cancer Myths and Misconceptions [Internet]. Cancer.gov; 2018. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/myths 
33. American Cancer Society. Is Cancer Contagious? | Can You Catch Cancer? [Internet]. www.cancer.org. 2021. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/understanding-cancer-risk/is-cancer-contagious.html 
34. National Institutes of Health. HIV and Hepatitis B [Internet]. hivinfo.nih.gov. 2021. Available from: https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-hepatitis-b 
35. Better Health Channel. Cancer and food [Internet]. Vic.gov.au. 2012. Available from: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cancer-and-food 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Introduction

Problems with the thyroid gland are very common around the world, including in India. In fact, around 42 million people in India are believed to have some form of thyroid disease¹. These issues can happen when the thyroid gland makes too much or too little hormone, or when the gland becomes swollen or develops lumps². 

People with thyroid problems may feel tired, gain or lose weight, feel anxious or low, or notice a swelling in their neck. These signs can be easy to miss or confused with other health issues². Therefore, it is important to stay vigilant of any new symptoms. 

In this article, we’ll talk about some common thyroid problems, the symptoms to look out for, how to test thyroid at home, and when you should visit a doctor for these. 

Understanding the Thyroid Gland

The thyroid is a small gland which is located in front of your neck and looks like a butterfly. It plays an important role in keeping the body healthy by producing thyroid hormones. These hormones help control your metabolism (how your body uses energy) and are important for growth, brain development, and many other functions³. 

There are two main types of thyroid hormones: T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). T4 is made in the thyroid gland and then changed into the more active form, T3, in different parts of the body, like the brain, muscles, and fat tissue⁴. Also some amount of T3 is produced from the gland itself. These hormones help in proper utilisation of energy by the body and regulate response to changes like cold weather or fasting^3,4. Thyroid hormones also affect how the body handles fats and sugars, how sensitive the body is to insulin, and even how cholesterol is managed⁴.  

The production of thyroid hormones is controlled by signals from certain regions of the brain (the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland). The brain releases hormones like TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) to tell the thyroid when to make more or less of these hormones⁴. 

Since thyroid hormones are involved in so many bodily processes, keeping the thyroid healthy is important for overall well-being, especially for energy, weight, temperature regulation, and metabolism. 

What Are the Symptoms of Thyroid Problems?

Thyroid problems can affect many parts of the body, and the symptoms can vary depending on whether the thyroid is overactive (hyperthyroidism) or underactive (hypothyroidism)¹.  

Wondering how do I know if I have thyroid problems?  Let us find out! 

Common symptoms of an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) include²: 

• Feeling too hot all the time 
• Feeling anxious, restless, or nervous 
• Sweating more than usual 
• Shaky hands (tremors) 
• Unintentional weight loss 
• Weak muscles 
• Loose stools or diarrhoea 
• Fast or irregular heartbeat (palpitations) 

Common symptoms of an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) include²: 

• Feeling cold even in warm weather 
• Feeling sad or depressed 
• Feeling tired or low on energy 
• Dry or rough skin 
• Slow or hoarse voice 
• Weight gain without a clear reason 
• Muscle cramps 
• Irregular periods or changes in menstrual flow 

Symptoms related to thyroid swelling (goitre) can happen in both overactive and underactive thyroid conditions, or even when hormone levels are normal. These may include²: 

• Neck pain 
• Hoarseness or voice changes 
• Trouble swallowing (dysphagia) 
• Swelling in the neck 
• Difficulty breathing 

Can You Check Your Thyroid at Home?

The answer is, yes! You can check certain aspects of your thyroid health at home, basis which you can decide the further course of action (whether or not to visit a doctor).  

Checking thyroid at home starts by being aware and observant of symptoms of thyroid disease. Alongside, some self-examination methods and at-home thyroid function tests can be used to assess your thyroid gland. 

While checkup at home offers a convenient and private way to assess your thyroid health, it’s important to understand their benefits and limitations before relying solely on them⁵: 

Advantages of Checking Thyroid at Home

• Helps identify potential thyroid imbalances before symptoms become severe. 
• Guides you to seek timely medical advice. 
• Assists in tracking treatment progress for existing thyroid conditions.

Disadvantages of Checking Thyroid at Home 

• Often not reliable . For example: Self-examination at times may seem completely normal even though there may be a severe issue. 
• Results are likely to be misunderstood without professional medical guidance.  
• May delay necessary treatment, if relied on exclusively without consulting a doctor 

So, while it’s possible to check your thyroid at home, it’s crucial to understand the pros and cons of this. Although, this should not replace regular checkups or a complete diagnostic assessment by a doctor, it can, however, be useful in raising awareness of potential issues and taking medical advice promptly.  

Irrespective of which ever home test you perform to assess thyroid function, you may make a mistake. Examination by a professional and blood test is the best way. If you are concerned about your health, it is always recommended to consult your doctor.

Dr. Nayana S Shetty, MBBS, MD

Methods to Check Thyroid at Home

Many people wonder, how do I know if I have thyroid problems which might need an expert doctor’s consultation . So, to answer this question, we are listing a few simple ways by which you can check for possible thyroid issues from the comfort of your home: 

1. Recognise Symptoms 

Keep track of any unusual changes in your body or how you’re feeling. Make a note of things like tiredness, sudden weight changes, mood swings, or feeling too hot or too cold, as these could be signs of a problem with your thyroid. 

2. Neck Self-Examination 

This method helps you check for swelling or lumps in the thyroid area.⁶ 

How to do it⁶: 

• Fill a glass with water. 
• Take the glass and stand in front of any mirror, such that you can see yourself clearly. 
• Now, gently tilt your head back. 
• Take a sip of water from the glass. 
• As you swallow, look at the base of your neck (above the collarbone, below the Adam’s apple) in the mirror. 
• Watch for any bulges, lumps, or uneven swelling. 

Note: If you see anything unusual, do not panic; not all lumps mean something serious. However, it’s important to talk to a doctor and get checked properly, especially if the lump stays or gets bigger over time. 

Use this as a complementary method to the clinical examination by a health care expert like an Endocrinologist.

3. Basal Body Temperature Test 

This method checks your body’s resting temperature, which may be deviated from the normal range in people with thyroid problems^7,8. 

How to do it: 

• Use a digital or mercury thermometer. 
• Check your temperature at any time of the day.  
• Do this for 3 to 5 days in a row. (Make sure to follow the same timings every day). 
• Normal range: Around 97.8 to 98.2°F (36.5 to 36.8°C)⁹. 
• If consistently below or high: It may be a sign of thyroid dysfunction^8,10. 

Note: This method is not always reliable and can be affected by other factors like illness or hormonal changes. 

Also Read: Best Yoga Asanas for Thyroid You Can Safely Do at Home

4. At-Home Blood Tests 

This can be the most common and reliable method for thyroid assessment at home. You can easily order a thyroid blood test from home which checks for your thyroid hormone levels.

Remember that an abnormal check may not always indicate a significant problem, just as a normal test does not ensure everything is fine. It’s always preferable to speak with a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and tailored guidance if you observe anything troublsome.  

When on thryoid medications, blood tests should be repeated every 3 months to assess improvement and ensure that adequate dose of thyroxine hormone is being received.

Dr. Nayana S Shetty, MBBS, MD

When to See a Doctor

It’s important to know when home checks and symptoms should lead you to seek medical advice. If you notice any of the following signs or changes in your health, it’s a good idea to consult a doctor: 

• If you’re experiencing any of the symptoms (discussed above) of thyroid problems for a few weeks or more could be a sign of a thyroid problem or other underlying conditions (like diabetes) and should be evaluated by a doctor¹¹. 
• If you have no symptoms, but your test results are not normal: Sometimes, people have no obvious symptoms, but thyroid issues are discovered during routine blood tests. That’s why it’s helpful to get regular checkups, especially if you have a family history of thyroid disorders. 
• If you are experiencing life-threatening thyroid symptoms (although rare), Problems requiring urgent medical care include²: 
  • Thyroid Storm (severe hyperthyroidism): Symptoms include a very high fever, fast heart rate, extreme agitation, confusion, or even loss of consciousness.  
  • Myxoedema Crisis (severe hypothyroidism): Signs include extreme tiredness, very low body temperature, slow breathing, and unresponsiveness.  

If you notice any of these problems (even if they seem mild), it’s always safer to consult a doctor and get your thyroid checked. 

Also Read: Natural Home Remedies For Vomiting

Conclusion

Thyroid test at home can be a helpful first step in noticing signs of thyroid problems. Simple methods like a neck self-exam, monitoring your body temperature, and being aware of common symptoms can alert you if something seems off with your thyroid. It is important to keep in mind that while these home checks are useful, they are not a substitute for medical testing. 

A thyroid blood test is the most reliable technique to determine if your thyroid gland is working normally. Additionally, regular checkups with your doctor can help catch issues early, even if you don’t have clear symptoms. 

Remember, in rare cases, thyroid problems can become serious emergencies. So, if you notice unusual symptoms or anything concerning during a home check, don’t delay and talk to a doctor. Keeping an eye on your thyroid health can go a long way in maintaining your overall well-being! 

Also Read: Best Home Remedies for Appendicitis Recovery

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References  

1. Unnikrishnan AG, Menon UV. Thyroid disorders in India: An epidemiological perspective. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul;15(Suppl 2):S78-81. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3169866/ 
2. Melish JS. Thyroid Disease. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 135. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK241/ 
3. Shahid MA, Ashraf MA, Sharma S. Physiology, Thyroid Hormone. [Updated 2023 Jun 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan; [cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500006/ 
4. Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2014 Apr;94(2):355-82. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24692351/ 
5. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Home use tests [Internet]. FDA; 2024 [cited 2025 May 23]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/in-vitro-diagnostics/home-use-tests 
6. East Orange Health Department. Thyroid Neck Check [Internet]. East Orange, NJ: East Orange Health Department; [cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://www.eastorange-nj.gov/DocumentCenter/View/72/Thyroid-Neck-Check-PDF?bidId= 
7. Gustafson C. Denis Wilson, md: Low Body Temperature as an Indicator for Poor Expression of Thyroid Hormone. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2015 Jun;14(3):24-8. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4566469/ 
8. Vancamp P, Demeneix BA. Is the Observed Decrease in Body Temperature During Industrialization Due to Thyroid Hormone-Dependent Thermoregulation Disruption? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jul 22;11:470. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7387406/ 
9. Del Bene VE. Temperature. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 218. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK331/ 
10. Ljunggren JG, Kallner G, Tryselius M. The effect of body temperature on thyroid hormone levels in patients with non-thyroidal illness. Acta Med Scand. 1977;202(6):459-62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/596246/ 
11. National Guideline Centre (UK). Indications for testing: Thyroid disease: assessment and management: Evidence review B. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2019 Nov. (NICE Guideline, No. 145.). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK577223/ 
12. Esfandiari NH, Papaleontiou M. Biochemical Testing in Thyroid Disorders. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017 Sep;46(3):631-648. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5957513/ 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

0

Introduction

Nutrition, exercise, and a healthy lifestyle are the 3 important pillars of diabetes management, along with the medications prescribed by a doctor. Among these, meal planning plays an important role. A well-balanced diet helps to maintain a healthy body weight and improves insulin sensitivity.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder affecting more than 100 million people in India^[10], making it a major health concern. Diabetes occurs either due to insufficient insulin production, insulin resistance, or both, leading to high levels of glucose in the blood. Proper management of diabetes is essential to prevent complications such as vision loss, kidney failure, heart disease, and more.

If you are recently diagnosed with diabetes, it’s natural to feel overwhelmed with all the dietary and lifestyle changes. However, a good diet for diabetes is not just about restrictions but focuses more on making informed food choices that suit your taste as well as health^[5]. 

This article will help you create a well-balanced diet to manage diabetes.

Friendly Reminder: The information shared here is for educational purposes only and the reader should consult a registered medical practitioner before implementing any changes to their health routine.

The Importance Of A Balanced Diet

A diet is considered to be balanced when it has all the essential nutrients (both macros and micros) that the body requires to operate optimally. A balanced diet includes fruits and vegetables that contain fibre, vitamins and minerals, whole grains, proteins, and healthy fats^[9]. 

1. Macronutrients

Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are grouped under macronutrients, and these are required by the body in larger quantities. Since macronutrients are eaten in larger portions, they tend to significantly impact blood sugar levels.

Carbohydrates 

• The primary source of energy for the body is found in whole grains, fruits, legumes^[7], starchy vegetables, and dairy^[2]. 
• The body breaks down carbs into glucose, which can spike blood sugar levels^[2]. 
• This glucose is responsible for a spike in the blood sugar hence it is important to consume more complex carbs instead of simple sugars (fruit juices, candies, flavoured sugary beverages)^[2].

Proteins

• Proteins are essential for building and repairing muscles and tissues, and making hormones and enzymes. 
• It is sourced from legumes^[7], nuts, poultry, meat, eggs, and dairy. 
• It gives the body a feeling of fullness and satiety, promoting weight management when consumed mindfully. 

Fats

• Fats are needed for the synthesis of hormones, and they provide energy, protect the organs, and support cell growth^[1].
• Healthy fats come from avocados, nuts, fatty fish, and seeds (chia and flax seeds). Fats encourage slow digestion, reducing a spike in blood sugar levels^[1]. 
• Trans fats should be avoided^[1].

2. Micronutrients

Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals, and while they are needed by the body in smaller quantities, they are essential for the proper functioning of the body. It does not affect blood sugar levels directly but contributes to overall health by reducing inflammation, supporting the immune system, and reducing oxidative stress.

Vitamins

• Vitamins support energy production, immunity, and other essential functions. 
• The main sources of vitamins are fruits^[1], vegetables, whole grains, dairy, and protein sources.

Minerals

• Minerals are needed for bone health, muscle function, nerve signalling, and fluid balance. 
• These are found in calcium, potassium, magnesium and iron. 
• Meat, grains, fruits^[1], vegetables, and dairy contain minerals. 

A balanced diet is important as it provides essential nutrients and, at the same time, helps maintain a healthy weight, thereby reducing the risk of obesity. A balanced diet for diabetes aims at managing blood sugar levels, as it encourages the consumption of complex carbs like legumes and whole grains. The body takes some time to digest these carbs, avoiding a spike in blood sugar levels. 

Top Diabetes-Friendly Foods to Add to Your Diet

• Vegetables like broccoli, carrots, peppers, tomatoes, and green leafy vegetables that are locally grown and available in your area. Vegetables that contain starch, like corn and potatoes, should be eaten in moderation^[6].
• Seasonal fruits like oranges, berries, apples, grapes, guava, and bananas.
• Millets and grains like wheat, quinoa, barley, and oats^[4].
• Animal sources of protein like lean meats, fish, eggs, and poultry without skin. Vegan sources like tofu, nuts, and beans^[4].
• Dairy sources that are low-fat or non-fat, like milk or yoghurt^[4]. Lactose-free milk for intolerant people.
• Limit sugary drinks and consume plenty of water.

People with diabetes can enjoy sweets and desserts occasionally and in moderation. It is advisable to choose healthier options like dark chocolate, which has a high cocoa content. This contains less sugar. Additionally, opt for desserts that are made with fresh or frozen fruits, like fruit salads, baked apples, or some berries with yoghurt. These desserts are naturally sweet and contain fibre and nutrients. 

The Diabetes Plate Method

The Diabetes Plate Method^[1] is a simple way that can be used to balance meals. This method supports diabetes management while focusing on portion control. 

According to the Diabetes Plate Method^[3], a plate should have half of non-starchy vegetables, one-quarter of lean proteins, one-quarter of whole grains, and some fruits or dairy.

• Non-starchy vegetables^[1] include tomatoes, cucumber, green beans, broccoli, carrots, cauliflower, capsicum, and green leafy vegetables. These keep you feeling full for longer and are packed with nutrients.
• Lean proteins^[1] like hummus, beans, lentils, meat, poultry, and eggs should contain one-quarter of the plate. 
• Fill the remaining one-quarter with a combination of whole grains like quinoa, oats, wheat, brown rice or barley, curd, yoghurt, and fresh seasonal fruits should also be included in the meal, as they are packed with vitamins, minerals, and fibre. It also helps to satisfy sweet cravings!

Understanding Glycemic Index

The glycemic index measures the spike in blood sugar levels after consuming a particular food. It is measured in comparison to a reference food. Foods are classified according to their glycemic index—high, moderate, and low^[8]. 

High Glycemic Index Foods

• Anything with a GI over 70 is high-GI food. High-GI foods are easily digested and readily available in the bloodstream and hence, should be consumed in low quantities. 
• Items like cereals, sweets, pastries, soft drinks, and cakes are digested quickly. These food items should be eaten in limited quantities. Starchy vegetables like potatoes, yams, corn, and peas should also be eaten in fewer quantities. 

Moderate Glycemic Index Foods

• Food items with 56-69 GI are moderate and include whole grams and pulses. The carbs in these foods are released slowly into the bloodstream, as these foods are rich in fibre.
• It is recommended to include these food items, as it helps regulate blood sugar levels. 

Low Glycemic Index Foods

• Foods with a GI of 55 or less are considered low GI, meaning they cause a slower, steadier rise in blood sugar compared to high-GI foods.
• Whole grains like barley, oats, quinoa, leafy green vegetables, lentils, low-fat dairy and nuts & seeds. Foods with low GI help maintain steady blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.

Also Read: Low Glycemic Index Fruits for Diabetic People

When And How Much To Eat?

Meal timing is an important part of diabetes, as this can affect the blood sugar levels. However, it is essential to note that meal timings vary from one person to the other and are also affected by insulin levels and medication. 

Aim to eat meals at the same time every day, as this helps regulate blood sugar levels and the insulin response to the food. The three balanced meals – breakfast, lunch, and dinner, should be evenly spaced throughout the day. 

Portion control is a key aspect of managing diabetes, and by doing so, blood sugar levels are regulated, and a healthy body weight is maintained.

As different food items affect individuals differently, there is no one-size-fits-all strategy for diabetes. It is highly recommended to consult a doctor or a nutritionist for a personalised dietary plan. 

Also Read: How to Reduce Blood Sugar Level Immediately

Conclusion

Managing diabetes doesn’t require a one-size-fits-all diet. It’s about creating a meal plan that fits your health needs, food preferences, and lifestyle. Keep track of your blood sugar levels and body weight to understand how your meals affect your health. Eat well-balanced, nutritious meals that can help regulate blood sugar and support a healthy weight. If you’ve been diagnosed with diabetes, work closely with your doctor to stay on track. 

Also Read: 11 Ways In Which Sugar Harms The Body!

References

1. American Diabetes Association. Tips for Eating Well. [Internet]. Available from: https://diabetes.org/food-nutrition/eating-healthy
2. American Diabetes Association. Understanding Carbs. [Internet]. Available from: https://diabetes.org/food-nutrition/understanding-carbs
3. Reynolds A, Mitri J. Dietary advice for individuals with diabetes. [Updated 2024 Apr 28]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. [cited 2025 Feb 25]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279012/
4. MedlinePlus. Diabetic diet. In: MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine; [cited 2025 Feb 25]. https://medlineplus.gov/diabeticdiet.html
5. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Healthy living with diabetes. In: NIDDK [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2025 Feb 25]. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/healthy-living-with-diabetes
6. Yen TS, Htet MK, Lukito W, et al. Increased vegetable intake improves glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Sci. 2022 Jun 21;11:e49. PMID: 35836691. [cited 2025 Feb 25]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9241062/
7. Hughes J, Pearson E, Grafenauer S. Legumes-A comprehensive exploration of global food-based dietary guidelines and consumption. Nutrients. 2022 Jul 27;14(15):3080. PMID: 35956258. [cited 2025 Feb 25]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9370574/
8. Better Health Channel. Diabetes and healthy eating. In: Better Health Channel [Internet]. Victoria, Australia: State Government of Victoria; [cited 2025 Feb 25]. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-and-healthy-eating#physical-activity-and-diabetes
9. Healthdirect. Balanced diet. In: Healthdirect [Internet]. Sydney, Australia: Healthdirect Australia; [cited 2025 Feb 25]. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/balanced-diet
10. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in India. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8725109/

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

483

4

Introduction

For good health, especially for people suffering from conditions like diabetes or prediabetes, keeping blood sugar levels in check is key. High sugar levels in the blood could lead to many health problems. Hence, it’s crucial to regulate these levels.  

In this article, we will delve into different elements that shape blood sugar levels. Besides, we will touch upon tried-and-tested ways and guidelines that may help manage and bring down blood sugar levels right away. Lastly, we will answer some frequently asked questions regarding this topic.  

Understanding the Factors Affecting Blood Sugar Levels

1. Food

The kind of food you eat affects blood sugar control. What you eat, how much you eat, and when you eat can directly impact your blood sugar levels¹.  

• Types of foods: Different foods can change your blood sugar levels in different ways. Mostly, carbohydrates ignite a significant change since digestion breaks them down into glucose. But carbohydrates that are slow-digesting or have low absorption rates like whole grains and fiber-rich foods, may help stabilize blood sugar levels^2,3.  
• Meal timing and blood sugar: Steady meal schedules are key to controlling blood sugar levels. This may help avoid sudden spikes or dips in blood sugar levels. 

2. Exercise

Exercise aids in blood sugar regulation. It’s important to balance different exercise types, as they affect blood sugar levels in unique ways.  

• Different exercise types and their effects: Aerobic exercises like walking, swimming, and cycling seem to lower blood sugar levels. They increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin and boost glucose breakdown. Resistance training, such as lifting weights, help build muscle mass, enhancing long-term control of blood sugar^4,5. 
• Finding the right balance of exercise for managing blood sugar: It’s key to find the right mix of aerobic exercises and resistance training to manage your blood sugar effectively. For a personalized exercise plan, your healthcare provider can guide you according to your specific needs and aims.  

3. Medication

People, especially those with diabetes, often need medication to keep blood sugar levels in check.  

• Insulin: Insulin, a hormone, regulates blood sugar levels. People with diabetes might need insulin shots to either supplement their body’s insulin production or replace it if they have type 1 diabetes. Also, in case of uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus as well, insulin may be advised.   
• Oral medications: Oral medicines can enhance insulin sensitivity, improve insulin production, or aid glucose absorption in the body. These are  used mostly in type 2 diabetes.   
• Adjusting medication based on blood sugar readings: Your healthcare provider may need to tweak your medication dose based on regular blood glucose readings. Regular testing of blood glucose levels is important when taking medication for managing diabetes.  

4. Illness

Illness can significantly shape blood sugar control. Infections, fever, stress, among other factors, can lead to a surge in blood sugar levels. During sickness, it’s crucial to monitor your blood sugar levels closely and modify your diabetes management plan if needed.  

• Effect of illness on blood sugar: Illness typically raises the body’s energy demand. This, in turn, can elevate your blood sugar levels. Plus, stress-related hormonal changes during illness can directly affect blood sugar control.  
• Managing blood sugar during illness: When you’re sick, keep taking your prescribed diabetes medicines. Also, check your blood sugar levels frequently. Consult your healthcare provider for advice on adjusting your medication or insulin dose. They can also provide guidance on staying well-hydrated and managing your diet.  

5. Alcohol

Drinking alcohol can directly shape your blood sugar levels.  

Drinking moderate amounts of alcohol can lead to low blood sugar. This happens as alcohol limits the liver’s ability to release glucose. Drinking too much alcohol, especially with sugary drinks can elevate  blood sugar levels.  

• Safe consumption guidelines for diabetics: If you have diabetes and choose to drink alcohol, limit your intake. The American Diabetes Association suggests no more than one drink per day for women and no more than two drinks per day for men⁶. Make sure you discuss your alcohol drinking habits with your healthcare provider to understand how it could impact your blood sugar levels.  

6. Menstruation and menopause

Fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone during menstruation and menopause can directly affect insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control. This can lead to more variability in blood sugar levels⁷.  

It’s crucial to closely watch your blood sugar levels during menstruation and menopause. Work closely with your healthcare provider to modify your diabetes management plan, such as changing medication or insulin doses, as required.  

7. Stress

Stress can directly influence blood sugar control, especially for people with diabetes. Stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline can lead to a rise in blood sugar levels. These stimulate glucose production and reduce insulin sensitivity⁸. Thus, managing stress is crucial for keeping healthy blood sugar levels. Practices like deep breathing, meditation, and yoga may help reduce stress, making diabetes management more effective^9,10.  

Although exercising helps lower blood sugar levels, one should avoid exercising if the blood sugar is more than 240 mg/dL. Exercise may increase ketone levels, which increases your chance of developing ketoacidosis. So, if your blood sugar levels are this high, you should first get your ketone levels checked and exercise only if these are not elevated¹⁵.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, BAMS, MD (Ayu)

Methods That May Be Tried to Reduce Blood Sugar Levels Immediately

There are multiple ways and measures that may assist you in managing your blood sugar levels. They may also help decrease the chance of complications linked to diabetes. These include: 

1. Taking prescribed insulin or medication

Taking your prescribed insulin or oral diabetes medicine as guided by your healthcare provider is crucial for keeping healthy blood sugar levels. Follow their advice for dose changes if required. Always consult them if you experience any problems or side effects from your drugs.  

• Insulin dosages and timing: Your healthcare provider will decide the right insulin dosage and timing based on your individual needs, blood sugar levels, and lifestyle. Make sure you follow their guidance carefully and modify your dosage if needed only under their supervision.  
• Other diabetes medications: Oral diabetes drugs, such as metformin, sulfonylureas, and DPP-4 inhibitors, could also be prescribed by your healthcare provider. These drugs work by enhancing insulin sensitivity, boosting insulin production, or aiding glucose absorption. Always take these drugs as directed by your health care provider.  

2. Adjusting food intake

Conscious eating can greatly influence your blood sugar levels. Consider adding healthier choices into your meals, such as whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, and vegetables^1,2,3.  

• Low glycaemic index foods: Eating low glycaemic index foods can help control your blood sugar levels. They result in a slow and steady glucose release into your bloodstream. Whole grains, legumes, certain fruits and vegetables, and nuts are examples of low glycaemic index foods.  
• Fiber-rich foods: Fiber-rich foods, such as fruits, veggies, and whole grains, can stabilize blood sugar levels. They do this by slowing digestion and glucose absorption.  
• Proper portion sizes: Proper portion sizes also help to manage your blood sugar levels. Eating too much can spike blood sugar, while not eating enough can drop blood sugar or cause hypoglycaemia.  

3. Engaging in physical activity

Regular exercise is key to keeping blood sugar levels healthy. It makes your body use insulin more efficiently and boosts glucose breakdown.  

• Aerobic exercises: Aerobic exercises like walking, running, swimming, or cycling can bring down blood sugar levels. They help enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. As recommended by the American Diabetes Association, aim for at least 150 minutes of medium-intensity aerobic activity each week⁵. 
• Resistance training: Resistance training, like lifting weights, can improve blood sugar control by building muscle mass and increasing your body’s insulin sensitivity. Plan for at least two resistance training sessions per week on separate days.  
• Impact of different exercise intensities: Your workout intensity can also shape your blood sugar levels. Higher-intensity athletics may need more detailed blood sugar control and tracking, while medium-intensity workouts are usually safe and helpful for most diabetes patients. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting a new exercise regime.  

4. Staying properly hydrated

Proper hydration is critical for keeping blood sugar levels healthy. Drinking water through the day can help your kidneys flush out extra sugar via urine. It also avoids dehydration which can negatively affect blood sugar control¹¹. 

• Water intake guidelines: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine suggests daily water intake of roughly 125 ounces (3.7 liters) for men and 91 ounces (2.7 liters) for women. However, individual hydration needs can vary based on factors like age, weight, activity level, and climate¹². 
• Avoiding sugary beverages: Sweet drinks, such as soda, juice, and sports drinks, can cause rapid surges in blood sugar levels and lead to weight gain. Go for water, herbal tea, or other zero-calorie beverages instead¹³.  

5. Monitoring and adjusting blood sugar levels

Consistently monitoring your blood sugar levels is a key part of diabetes management. It lets you make required changes to your diet, exercise, and medication regimen to maintain healthy blood sugar levels.  

• Regular blood sugar testing: Check your blood sugar levels regularly, as advised by your healthcare provider. This may include testing before and after meals, before and after exercising, and at bedtime¹⁴. 
• Recognizing when levels are too high or too low: If you notice that your blood sugar levels are too high or too low, consult your healthcare provider for guidance on adjusting your diabetes management plan.  
• Making necessary adjustments: Based on your blood sugar data, your healthcare provider may suggest changes to your diet, exercise routine, or medication regimen. This may help you better manage your blood sugar levels.  

In my opinion, maintaining proper hydration may help you avoid hyperglycaemic episodes. Water and other unsweetened beverages can aid your kidneys in eliminating extra sugar from your urine during a severe hyperglycaemia episode. If you exert more than normal during an emergency or if the temperature around you is too high, your fluid demands may be considerably higher¹⁶.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Guidelines for Implementing Blood Sugar Management Strategies

Good blood sugar control includes making lifestyle changes and cooperating closely with your healthcare team. Here are some guidelines to follow for better blood sugar control.  

1. Collaborating with your healthcare team

Keeping open communication lines with your healthcare team is vital for successful blood sugar control. Your team may be made up of primary care doctors, endocrinologists, nutritionists, dieticians, and certified diabetes educators.  

• Working with a nutritionist or dietitian: A nutritionist or dietitian will help you create a tailor-made meal plan aligned with your dietary likes and health objectives. This plan will pay attention to food choices and portion sizes that promote stable blood sugar levels while catering to your nutritional needs.  
• Regular consultations with your doctor: Regular check-ins with your healthcare provider ensure your diabetes control plan stays efficient and current. They can keep an eye on your blood sugar levels, adjust your drugs, and offer support and knowledge about lifestyle modifications.  

2. Setting realistic goals

Setting reachable goals is key in managing your blood sugar levels. Start by making small, easy changes to your diet, exercise routine, and everyday habits. Avoid drastic changes which are hard to maintain. Divide a big goal into smaller achievable steps.   

3. Tracking progress

Keeping track of your progress can give useful insight into your blood sugar management and motivate you to stick to your goals.  

• Logging food intake, exercise, and blood sugar: Note down your daily food intake, exercise sessions, and blood sugar levels. This can help you pinpoint patterns, trends, and improvement areas. Talk about these patterns with your health care provider to make effective changes in your management plan.  

Recognizing and Treating Potential Complications

Being aware of and handling possible problems related to high or low blood sugar levels is crucial.  

1. High blood sugar (hyperglycaemia)

Hyperglycaemia happens when your blood sugar levels are consistently above normal. If not managed, it can lead to severe health issues like nerve damage, vision problems, and kidney disease.  

• Symptoms and dangers: Signs of hyperglycaemia include frequent urination, increased thirst, blurred vision, fatigue, and slow wound healing.   

If you experience these symptoms or suspect that your blood sugar is very high, test your blood sugar and consult your healthcare provider for advice on your diabetes management plan.   

2. Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

Hypoglycaemia happens when your blood sugar levels get too low. If not treated promptly, it could result in dizziness, confusion, and in serious cases, unconsciousness, or seizures.  

• Symptoms and dangers: Signs of hypoglycaemia include shakiness, weakness, irritability, sweating, a fast heartbeat, and confusion. If not treated, it can lead to unconsciousness or seizures.  

If it seems like your blood sugar levels are too low, check your blood sugar. Consume a source of fast-acting sugar, such as fruit juice, regular soda, or glucose gel, as recommended by your healthcare provider. Test your blood sugar again in 15 minutes and repeat the process if needed.  

Also Read: Is Coconut Water Good for Diabetes? A Fact-Based Discussion

Conclusion

In conclusion, taking care of your blood sugar levels is key for overall health, more so for individuals diagnosed with diabetes or prediabetes. By following guidelines and taking certain measures, like properly adjusting your food intake, getting regular exercise, and working closely with your healthcare team, you may manage your blood sugar levels well and reduce the risk of complications.  

It’s important to remember that consistency and balance are main factors in keeping healthy blood sugar levels. Stay committed to your diabetes control plan and work closely with your healthcare provider for the best possible health outcome.  

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. American Diabetes Association. Navigating Nutrition [Internet]. Available from: https://www.diabetes.org/healthy-living/recipes-nutrition  
2. Chiavaroli L, Lee D, Ahmed A, et al. Effect of low glycaemic index or load dietary patterns on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2021;374:n1651.  Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8336013  
3. Chiavaroli L, Lee D, Ahmed A, et al. Effect of low glycaemic index or load dietary patterns on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2021;374:n1651. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m2206 
4. Richter EA, Sylow L, Hargreaves M. Interactions between insulin and exercise. Biochem J. 2021;478(21):3827-3846. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34751700  
5. American Diabetes Association. Blood Glucose and Exercise [Internet]. Available from: https://www.diabetes.org/healthy-living/fitness/getting-started-safely/blood-glucose-and-exercise  
6. American Diabetes Association. Alcohol and Diabetes [Internet]. Available from: https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/alcohol-and-diabetes 
7. Schieren A, Koch S, Pecht T, Simon MC. Impact of Physiological Fluctuations of Sex Hormones During the Menstrual Cycle on Glucose Metabolism and the Gut Microbiota. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2024;132(5):267-278 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11093651/ 
8. Sharma VK, Singh TG. Chronic Stress and Diabetes Mellitus: Interwoven Pathologies. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2020;16(6):546-556. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31713487  
9. Kim SD. Effects of yogic exercises on life stress and blood glucose levels in nursing students. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(12):2003-2006. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25540518 
10. Shukla R, Gupta M, Agarwal N, Bajpai A. Mindfulness Meditation as Adjunctive Therapy to Improve the Glycemic Care and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Med Sci (Basel). 2021;9(2):33. Published 2021 May 21. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34064218/ 
11. Vanhaecke T, Perrier ET, Melander O. A Journey through the Early Evidence Linking Hydration to Metabolic Health. Ann Nutr Metab. 2020;76 Suppl 1:4-9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33774620  
12. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Report Sets Dietary Intake Levels for Water, Salt, and Potassium to Maintain Health and Reduce Chronic Disease Risk [Internet]. Available from: https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2004/02/report-sets-dietary-intake-levels-for-water-salt-and-potassium-to-maintain-health-and-reduce-chronic-disease-risk 
13. Meng Y, Li S, Khan J, et al. Sugar- and Artificially Sweetened Beverages Consumption Linked to Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2636.  Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34444794  
14. Azhar A, Gillani SW, Mohiuddin G, Majeed RA. A systematic review on clinical implication of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes management. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2020;12(2):102-111. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32742108  
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Manage Blood Sugar [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): CDC; 2024 May 15 [cited 2025 Oct 07]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/treatment/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/managing/manage-blood-sugar.html
16. American Diabetes Association. Caring for People with Diabetes in Emergency Situations [Internet]. Arlington (VA): ADA; [cited 2025 Oct 07]. Available from: https://diabetes.org/tools-resources/disaster-relief/caring-people-diabetes-emergency

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof. 

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes. 

2

Introduction

Millions across the globe suffer from diabetes. This health issue calls for a life change, mainly in the diet. A large proprotion of  packaged drinks available in the market are either full of sugar or contain artificial sweeteners which may be harmful for health. The hunt for natural drink swaps aiding blood sugar control is thus continual and coconut water seems to be a standout¹. 

This blog aims to shed light on the potential health benefits of coconut water and its role in diabetes. We will dive into its nutrient profile, its effect on blood sugar, and how to safely add it to your diet.

Understanding Coconut Water

Coconut water is a health-packed drink from the core of young, green coconuts. This section explains what makes it special, its nutrient content, and why it’s good for you¹¹. 

Nutrient Composition

A cup (240 ml) of raw coconut water gives you: 

• Calories: 44 
• Carbs: 10.5 grams 
• Fiber: 0 grams 
• Sugar: 9.5 grams 
• Protein: 1.7 grams 
• Fat: 0.5 grams 

Sweetened versions have more sugar. So, plain coconut water is a better pick¹. 

Electrolytes

Our bodies need vital minerals called electrolytes. They keep our body fluids balanced. Coconut water is rich in them, providing a good part of your daily needs in just one cup⁸. 

Low-Calorie Hydration

Coconut water can help you manage weight while staying hydrated. Plus, it adds a sweet twist to your water intake¹. 

Antioxidants

Nature has packed coconut water with antioxidants. These substances fight harmful free radicals, which makes it a good choice to drink⁴. 

Diabetes and Its Symptoms

Diabetes is a condition that leads to high blood sugar levels in the blood due to insulin-related issues. There are two key types of the disease: 

• Type 1 Diabetes: Type 1 diabetes happens when the body makes too little insulin. This hormone is needed to keep blood sugar in check. It usually shows up in childhood or teen years. 
• Type 2 Diabetes: Type 2 diabetes is when the body doesn’t use insulin well enough, causing a blood sugar rise. It usually shows up in grown-ups. Obesity⁶, lack of physical activity, and genes play a part in it¹². 

Common Diabetes Symptoms

Signs of diabetes can be unquenchable thirst, passing urine often, sudden weight loss, tiredness, and blurry vision. Managing health and lifestyle changes are key in handling diabetes. 

The Connection Between Coconut Water and Diabetes

We’ll explore in this section how does coconut water falls into diabetes control, looking at how it can be a good addition to a diabetes-friendly meal plan¹⁰. 

• Nutrient Density: Packed with nutrients, coconut water may aid in blood sugar control while keeping you hydrated^1,4. 
• Fiber and Carbohydrate Content: A diet full of fiber, low in sugar is good for diabetes patients. Coconut water has lesser carbohydrates than most drinks^13,14. 
• Glycemic Index of Coconut Water: The glycemic index (GI) shows how rapidly a food increases the blood sugar. Lower GI foods let out glucose slowly, avoiding sudden blood sugar spikes. Coconut water has a lower GI, suiting a diabetes meal plan¹⁴. 
• Effect on Blood Sugar Levels: Studies⁴ suggest drinking coconut water helps blood sugar control. Nutrients in coconut water help insulin work better in the body. This helps lower blood sugar levels. However, more research with humans is needed, but these findings sound promising^2,3,15. 

Potential Health Benefits of Coconut Water for Diabetics

Consumed wisely, coconut water is said to be helpful for diabetics. This section dives into some likely plus points. 

1. Improved Blood Circulation

Diabetes often worsens blood flow. Having coconut water may help in widening blood vessels, helping better circulation². But further research is needed to prove this. 

2. Weight Management

Coconut water makes weight management easier. It’s a low-calorie drink packed with nutrients. This can help keep weight in check and health on track¹. 

4. Kidney Health 

Regular coconut water consumption might be good for kidney health . Research hints that it lowers kidney damage caused by diabetes, although more long-term studies are needed to prove this³. 

5. Cardiac Health

Coconut water can prove to be a heart-friendly choice. It’s rich in nutrients like potassium⁹ and magnesium which are good for heart^5,7. More research is required to confirm this benefit. 

Coconut Water Sugar Content

As coconut water has natural sugars, people with diabetes might be concerned. Drawing a line between natural and added sugars can bring clarity. 

Natural Sugar vs. Added Sugar 

The sugar found in whole foods is natural. Added sugar is what food processors add to food items and drinks. In coconut water, the sugar is natural. That’s ok if you don’t overconsume it¹. 

Comparison with Other Beverages 

Put next to other drinks, coconut water seems much better. It boasts less carbohydrates and sugar than most sugary drinks, potentially making it a safer pick¹. 

Precautions and Considerations for Diabetics

While coconut water may offer perks for diabetics, they must tread carefully. Below are a few things to remember before adding it to your routine. 

• Portion Control: Having too much coconut water may pump up blood sugar. Stick to 8 ounces or less daily¹. 
• Unflavored, Unsweetened Coconut Water: Flavored or sweetened coconut water can raise blood sugar levels. Opt for plain fresh coconut water instead¹. 
• Monitoring Blood Sugar Levels: Keep a close eye on blood sugar when you add something new to your diet. Note how your body takes coconut water and adjust your intake accordingly. 
• Personalizing Diet Plans with a Healthcare Professional: Before adding coconut water to your diet, talk to your doctor. They can guide you based on your personal health status¹. 

Drinking Coconut Water: When and How 

Knowing when and how to have coconut water can help you get the most out of it. Let’s look at some strategies: 

• Optimal Time for Consumption: It’s best to have coconut water with a balanced meal or between meals. This can help keep blood sugar steady. 
• Integration with Fitness and Weight Loss Regimens: You may add coconut water to post-workout routines for hydration and to revive lost electrolytes. Remember to get enough calories each day so you don’t throw your health goals off track. 
• Coconut Water as an Ingredient in Recipes: You can give your dishes a new spin with coconut water. It can be added to smoothies, soups, and even grains like quinoa for a tasty meal packed with nutrients. 

Conclusion

When consumed wisely, coconut water may have potential perks for diabetics. Its nutrient-rich, low calorie, and electrolyte-packed profile makes it a worthy swap for sugary drinks. As always, talk to your doctor before you introduce anything new to diet, keep a check on blood sugar levels, and eat balanced meals for the best diabetes control. 

Also Read: Diabetes: The Silent Killer Sweeping Across India

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References

1. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The chemical composition and biological properties of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20032881 
2. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Mature coconut water exhibits antidiabetic and antithrombotic potential via L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in alloxan induced diabetic rats [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26146124 
3. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 
4. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Hypoglycemic and antioxidant potential of coconut water in experimental diabetes [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22576019 
5. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Higher magnesium intake reduces risk of impaired glucose and insulin metabolism and progression from prediabetes to diabetes in middle-aged americans [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089547 
6. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Inadequate Vitamin C Status in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Associations with Glycaemic Control, Obesity, and Smoking [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28891932 
7. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The role of dietary potassium in hypertension and diabetes [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26634368 
8. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Electrolytes [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541123 
9. American Heart Association. How Potassium Can Help Control High Blood Pressure [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/changes-you-can-make-to-manage-high-blood-pressure/how-potassium-can-help-control-high-blood-pressure 
10. Sane A, Annachhatre A. The Effect of Coconut Water on Blood Glucose and Insulin in Humans Depends on their Metabolic Status [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394961458_The_Effect_of_Coconut_Water_on_Blood_Glucose_and_Insulin_in_Humans_Depends_on_their_Metabolic_Status 
11. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Effects of coconut water on blood sugar and retina of rats with diabetes [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7849505 
12. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Antibacterial Efficacy of Tender Coconut Water ( Cocos nucifera L) on Streptococcus mutans : An In-Vitro Study [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390578 
13. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Effect of macronutrients and fiber on postprandial glycemic responses and meal glycemic index and glycemic load value determinations 1, 2, 3 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5366046 
14. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Diabetes mellitus and electrolyte disorders [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4198400 
15. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The importance and effect of dietary fiber in diabetes prevention with particular consideration of whole grain products [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 26]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17846978 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.
Links and product recommendations in the informationprovided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

3

1